Lesson Nine
I’ll Never Escape the Ghetto[/B]

[/CENTER]背景知识（Background knowledge）
Watts, southwestern district of Los Angeles, California, U.S. It gained widespread notoriety Aug. 11-16, 1965, as the scene of racial disturbances. Provoked by long-standing social injustices, thousands of blacks rioted, burned stores, and pillaged the area. Before order was restored 34 people were killed and more than 1,000 injured. The district, originally called Mud Town, was renamed in 1900 for C.H. Watts, a Pasadena realtor who owned a ranch there. It was annexed to Los Angeles in 1926. Pop. (1990) 32,145.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）
This is an autobiography written by Stanley Sanders, which tells us a story about a Negro who decided to contribute all his life to all the Negroes both in Watts and in all the America.
It happened in the 1960s when so many civil rights movements of the blacks occurred in, the United States. Riots against racial discrimination and segregation arose in many parts of the United States such as in Harlem and in Watts. While many black men in Watts left the ghetto in droves for a new life, without any hesitation the author intended to come back to the ghetto for a new career after the graduation from the famous university. While many black youths were afraid of being identified as coming from the ghetto Watts, he felt deeply proud of being from the ghetto. He believed that his individual success would never imply the end of the ghetto problem in the United States. The ghetto problem would be likely solved only by the black men themselves especially by the well - educated black leaders who devoted themselves to it.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. qualify (v.): to (cause to) gain a certain level of knowledge, ability, or performance 使合格
Being the son of a member of parliament doesn't qualify him to talk about politics.
议员的儿子不能保证他有资格谈论政治。
Tom qualified as a doctor this year. 汤姆今年拿到了行医证。
2. retract (v.): to take back, withdraw 缩回；撤回
He retracted his confession and pleaded not guilty. 他翻供，并申辩无罪。
You can't retract what you have said. 你不能收回已说过的话。
3. underscore (v. ): stress 强调
Please underscore the word three times for emphasis.
为了强调起见，请在该词下面划三条线。
He underscored the man' s diplomatic abilities when introducing him to us.
介绍时，他强调这人的外交能力。
4. intrigue (v.): to interest greatly 激起好奇心；迷住
The book's unusual title intrigued me into reading it. 这本书奇特的书名吸引着我去读。
You once wrote something that has always intrigued me.
你曾写过一些一直让我感兴趣的东西。
5. influx (n.): the arrival, or movement inside, of large numbers / quantities 大量涌入
There was a sudden influx of goods onto the market. 市场上有大量货物上市。
The work force is growing with the influx of youngsters.
随着年轻人的投入，劳动大军正在发展壮大。
6. parallel (v.) (Br. E) to equal; match 相等；相匹配
My feelings in this matter are parallel to yours. 这事我和你有同感。
Your experience parallels my own. 我们有共同的经历。
7. comport (v.): to behave (oneself) 举动；举止
That little girl comported herself very well at the party last night.
那女孩昨晚在晚会上言谈举止很得体。
He comported himself well in the emergency. 他在紧急情况下表现镇定沉着。
8. enroll (v.) (as, in): to make oneself or another person officially a member of a group 吸收成员；招收
He enrolled as a member of the cricket club. 他报名参加了板球俱乐部。
9. spout (v.): to throw or come out in a forceful stream; to pour out in a stream of words 喷出；脱口而出;滔滔不绝地说
The water was spouting out from the pipe. 水从水管中流出。
He's always spouting Shakespeare. 莎士比亚的话他总是脱口而出。
10. vulnerable (adj.): easily harmed, hurt, or wounded; weak, easily attacked 易受伤害；易受攻击
She looked so young and vulnerable that he felt a great desire to protect her.
We're in a vulnerable position here, with the enemy on the hill above us.
敌人就在前面的上，我们很容易受到攻击。

短语 (Expressions)
1. in drove: a crowd of people moving or acting together. In the text, it also refers to a large group of things of the same sort. 成群，成批
On a hot, muggy day people head for the beaches in droves.
在闷热的日子，人们成群结队涌向海滩。
2. identical to / with: exactly the same to 一样
Your voice is identical to hers. 你的声音和她的一样。
Your pen is identical with mine. 你的笔和我的一样。
3. in the throes of : severe pains, esp. caused by dying ; struggling with (some difficulty) 剧痛
Many people had to leave their country in the throes of war.
由于战争的残酷，许多人不得不背井离乡。
I saw the old man in the death throes. 我看到那个处于临死前痛苦中的老人。
4. reflect on / upon: think of 思考；考虑
The old man is reflecting upon a new problem. 老人正在考虑一个新问题。
Please reflect on what to next. 请考虑一下下一步怎么办。
5. never the: 毫不（后接比较级）
For all your advice I am never the wiser. 尽管你多次劝告，我还是我。
He was never the wiser for his experience. 他虽经一事，但并不张一智。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. drove: a large number of animals being driven together, crowd of people moving together 被驱赶的一群动物；行动中的一群人
On a hot muggy day people head for the beaches in droves.
在闷热天人们成群地去海滩。
group: number of persons or things gather or placed together 群；组
People stood in front of the building in small groups. 人们三五成群地站在大楼前。
2. warlike: ready for or liking war 准备作战的；好战的
The Scots in the past were a warlike nation. 苏格兰人以前是个好战的民族。
militant: ready for fighting, supporting the use of force 好斗的；尚武的
A few militant members of the crowd started throwing stones at the police.
人群中一些好斗分子开始向警察扔石块。
3. customary: in agreement of custom 合于风俗习惯的
Is it customary for guests at hotels in your country to tip the waiters?
在贵国住旅馆的客人依惯例是否给侍者小费。
habitual: regular, having a regular habit 惯常的；习惯的
The chairmen took his habitual place at the table.
主席坐在桌子边他惯常坐的座位上。
4. prove: supply proof of, show beyond doubt to be true 证明；证实
I shall prove to you that the witness is quite unreliable.
我将向你证明证人十分不可靠。
qualify: be equipped, equip by training 使有资格；给予资格
His training qualifies him as a teacher of English.
他受的训练使他有资格做一个英语教师。
5. demonstrate: show clearly by giving proof or example 证明；演示
How would you demonstrate that the earth is round?
你如何证明地球是圆的？
manifest: show clearly 明白显示；清楚表示
There is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested.
没有什么不能公开而要隐瞒的。
6. follow: take or accept as a guide 接受；遵循
You don’t follow your own principles. 你没有遵循自己的原则。
obey: do what one is told to do, carry out 服从；执行
I never promised to obey her commands.
我从来未保证服从她的命令。
7. think of: consider, take into account 考虑；思索
We have a hundred and one things to think of before we can decide.
在做决定前，我们有许许多多的事情要考虑。
reflect on: consider carefully 深思；思考
I must reflect on how to answer that question.
我必须思考一下如何答复那个问题。
8. regrettable: to be regretted 令人遗憾的；可悲的
It is regrettable that he behaved like that.
他竟做出那样的行为，令人遗憾。
regretful: sad, sorry 悔恨的；遗憾的
I felt regretful about what happened. 对于发生的事我深感遗憾。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. By ordinary standards these are credentials enough to qualify one as coming from Watts. : Normally these facts (what I mentioned above) are much enough to prove that I'm from Watts.
按照通常标准，这些足以证明我是瓦茨人。
2. There are no retractions or future deliverances. :
There is no way of retreat at present or rescue in future.
既没有退路也没有未来的解脱。
3. The Watts-as-a-way-station mentality has a firm hold on both those who remain and those who leave. :
The mentality that they regard Watts as a station in the way is already firmly held by both those who stay and those who leave.
把瓦茨作为中转站的心态在那些留下的和离去的人心中根深蒂固。
4. Negroes, inside it or out, and whites too, behave toward the notion. :
Negroes, whether they are inside the ghetto or have been out, and the whites, seem to be travelers (who will certainly leave the ghetto) to the ghetto.
黑人区内外的黑人以及白人把黑人区当作旅途中的暂留之处。
5. I was especially intrigued by a career in Watts …:
I was especially interested in a career in Watts.
我对在瓦茨干一番事业特别感兴趣。
6. It was not long after leaving that my early ambitions began to wear thin. :
Soon after leaving Watts, my early ambitions began to weaken gradually.
离开后不久，我起初的抱负开始减退。
7. "South Los Angeles", geographically identical to Watts, carried none of the latter's stigma.
"South Los Angeles" and Watts are different names for the same place. The former implies no stigma while the latter does.
“洛杉矶南部”在地理位置上同瓦茨一样，但不带有任何瓦茨的污名。
8. By far the most traumatic of the new changes was ghetto rioting. :
The change that were most emotionally shocking was ghetto rioting.
这些新变化中造成最大精神创伤的是黑人区的暴乱。
9. I was the archetype of the ghetto child who through hard work and initiative was pulling himself toward a better life.
I was a typical black child who was trying to live a better life by hard working.
我是以艰苦努力和主动精神使自己的生活得以改善的黑人区后代的典范。
10. It shattered the notion that my individual progress could be hailed as an advance for all Negroes. :
My thoughts was completely destroyed, that my individual progress could be regarded as an advance for all Negroes. The " bootstrap effort" means self-reliant effort.
它粉碎了我的个人发展可被奉为所有黑人进步的想法。
11. Watts followed me to Yale.
I went to Yale together with the Watts problem.
瓦茨问题随我一同进入耶鲁大学。
12. The new intellectual climate in Watts was hard-wrought. :
The new intellectual climate was formed with great effort.
瓦茨这一新的理性氛围来之不易。
13. A new, rough wisdom of the street corner was emerging. :
A new, unrefined culture of the people who have never been educated was emerging.
一种新型的粗犷的街头文化正在形成。
14. I regard it as the problem of the last third of this century.:
I regard the Watts problem as the basic one of the last thirty years of this century.
我把它看作本世纪最后三十余年的基本问题。

Lesson Ten
How Market Leaders Keep Their Edge[B][CENTER]

背景知识（Background knowledge）

Markets in the most literal and immediate sense are places in which things are bought and sold. In the modern industrial system, however, the market is not a place; it has expanded to include the whole geographical area in which sellers compete with each other for customers.
Economists understand by the term Market, not any particular market place in which things are bought and sold, but the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such free intercourse with one another that the prices of the same goods tend to equality easily and quickly.
The concept of the market as defined above has to do primarily with more or less standardized commodities, for example, wool or automobiles. The word market is also used in contexts such as the market for real estate or for old masters; and there is the "labour market," although a contract to work for a certain wage differs from a sale of goods. There is a connecting idea in all of these various usages--namely, the interplay of supply and demand.
Most markets consist of groups of intermediaries between the first seller of a commodity and the final buyer. There are all kinds of intermediaries, from the brokers in the great produce exchanges down to the village grocer. They may be mere dealers with no equipment but a telephone, or they may provide storage and perform important services of grading, packaging, and so on. In general, the function of a market is to collect products from scattered sources and channel them to scattered outlets. From the point of view of the seller, dealers channel the demand
for his product; from the point of view of the buyer, they bring supplies within his reach.
There are two main types of markets for products, in which the forces of supply and demand operate quite differently, with some overlapping and borderline cases. In the first, the producer offers his goods and takes whatever price they will command; in the second, the producer sets his price and sells as much as the market will take. In addition, along with the growth of trade in goods, there has been a proliferation of financial markets, including securities exchanges and money markets.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）
How market leaders keep their edge in the more and more severely competitive market? The author observed that every company must have its excellent operation according to its different value discipline. He identified three distinct ones and gave the readers some examples for further explanation. The first value discipline companies pursue is to win through lower price and convenient ways of shopping. [Operational excellence]The second discipline companies pursue is to win by continuing innovating year after year and providing latest products with high quality. [Product leadership]The third one that companies pursue is to win through building bonds with customers intimacy and pitching specific customers with specialized services the best customer support.[Customer imtimacy]

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. stake (v.): risk (money, one's life, etc.) on a result 冒险；下赌注
You mustn't fail: I've staked all my hopes on you. 你不能失败，我把全部希望都寄托在你身上。
The girl would stake her bright future on the marriage. 这姑娘拿自己的婚姻赌美好的明天
2. reside (v.): live 定居
reside in: be present in 存在于
They are foreigners residing in China. 他们是定居中国的外国人。
The supreme authority resides in the president. 最高权利掌握在总统手中。
3. execute (v.) carry out, do completely 实施；完成
The soldiers executed the captain's orders. 士兵们执行了队长的命令。
They have to execute the plan. 他们得完成这个计划。
4. deliberate: think (upon, over, about); discuss 仔细考虑；讨论
He was slow to answer, deliberating over each question. 他仔细斟酌每一个问题，不急于回答。
The jury deliberated four hours before bringing in a verdict. 陪审团在裁决之前商议了4个小时。
5. sprinkle (v.): scatter in drops or small grains 撒；点缀
We sprinkled sand along the icy path. 我们把沙撒在结冰的路上。
Her golden hair is now sprinkled with gray. 她的金发现在花白了。
6. optimize (v.): expect the best, make perfect 尽可能完善
They are trying to optimi2e the environment for investment. 他们尽可能优化投资环境。
They tried to optimize the distribution of raw materials. 他们尽可能使原料分配趋于完善。
7. render (v.): cause to be 使……成为
The blow rendered him unconscious. 这一击使他失去知觉。
The tone rendered the statement an insult. 这种腔调说话听起来使人感到受辱。
8. engender (v. ) produce or be the cause of 产生；造成
Flies carry dirt and dirt engenders disease. 苍蝇携带灰尘，灰尘引发疾病。
Angry words engender strife. 恶言怒语引起争吵。
9. extract (v.): take or get out 取出；拔出
The police tried to extract a confession. 警察试图逼供。
The doctor tried to extract a bullet from the wound. 医生试图从伤口取出子弹。
10. parity (n.): equality, being equal 同等；平等
The two countries reached parity in military strength. 两国军事力量势均力敌。
Scottish teachers want parity with those in England.
苏格兰教师在英格兰享有同等待遇。
11. dabble (v.): splash about in water, engage in嬉水；涉猎
The moon hung over the harbour dabbling the waves with silver.
月亮高挂在港湾的上空，给水面洒上点点银光。
He dabbled at painting but soon gave it up. 他搞过一点绘画，但很快又放弃。

短语 (Expressions)
1. with a vengeance: thoroughly, to a greater degree than is normal 彻底地；极度地
It's raining with a vengeance. 大雨滂沱。
He is a coward with a vengeance. 他是个十足的胆小鬼。
2. no sooner … than …: when … at once 一……就
No sooner did we sit down than we found it was time to go. 我们刚坐下来就发现该走了。
3. make a business of / make …one' s business: take responsibility for 负责；特别注意
I will make it my business to see that the money is paid promptly.
我将负责督促迅速付款。
He never makes it his business to inquire whether you are rich or poor.
他从不打听你是富还是穷。
4. pay off: to bring a reward, to prove worthwhile, or to make profit 偿还；赢利
He expects to pay off all his debts off shortly. 他预计很快就能还清贷款。
Possessing a valuable secret may pay off.
掌握有价值的秘密是件有利可图的事。
5. attribute…to…: consider as a quality of, as being the result of 把……归因于……
He attributed his success to hard work. t他把成功归于勤奋努力。
They attributed the blame for the reverses to their superiors.
他们认为挫折的责任在于他们的上级。
6. to pin sth. on sb.: place the blame for sth. on sb. 把……归咎于……
It's so ridiculous to pin the failure on the parents.
把失败的责任推给父母太荒唐。
They pin the robbery on a night watchman. 他们把抢劫事件怪罪于守夜人。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. modern: of the present, new and up-to-date 现代的；新式的
In the afternoon they went to an exhibition of modern art.
下午他们去参观一个现代艺术展。
sophisticated: complex, with the latest improvements 复杂的；最新式的
I can’t work this sophisticated modern equipment.
我不会操作这台复杂的现代化设备。
2. on guard: prepared against sth. 戒备
Be on your guard against pickpockets. 谨防扒手。
off guard: unprepared against sth. 未戒备
He struck me while I was off my guard. 他在我不提防时袭击我。
3. differentiate: see as different, show to be different 区别；辨别
The report does not differentiate the two aspects of the problem.
这份报告未能将问题的两个方面加以区别。
differ: be unlike, be distinguishable 不同；有异
The two brothers are like each other in appearance, but differ widely in their tastes. 这两兄弟相貌相象，但趣味却不大相同。
4. minimum: of least possible or degree 最小量的，最低程度的
You’ll need a minimum deposit of $20,000.
你需要有一笔最低额为2万美元的存款。
optimum: best or most favorable 最佳的；最有利的
This is the optimum temperature for the growth of plants.
这是对植物生长的最佳温度。
5. excel: （v.）do better than others, be very good 优于他人；优秀
The firm excels in producing cheep transistor radios.
这家公司在生产价廉的晶体管收音机方面胜过其他公司。
surpass: (vt.) do or be better than 超越；胜过
The latecomers surpass the early starters. 后来居上。
6. adapt: (v.) make suitable for a new use, need, etc. 使适应
When you go to a new country, you must adapt yourself to new manners and customs.
当你到一个新的国家时，你必须使自己适应新的风俗习惯。
adept: (adj.) expert, skilled 长于；善于
He was astonishingly adept at manipulating the big machine.
他操作这台大机器熟练的惊人。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. It must instead find the unique value that it alone can deliver to a chosen market. :
Instead, it must find the only one value that no one else but only itself can send to a market it chooses.
相反，它必须选择一种独特的方式赢得市场。
2. We have the best solution for you, and we provide all the support you need to achieve optimum, results, or value, or both, from whatever products you buy. :
We can solve any problems you have and can provide you with any support you want about the best results or value, or both results and value from whatever you buy.
我们为你提供最佳解决办法，提供你所需要的一切支持，以达到你所购买的产品最佳效果或价值，或两者兼有。
3. But as a customer, you don't have. to spend much time deliberating over what brand of coffee or home appliance to select :
But customers don' t have to spend much time deciding to choose .what brand of coffee or other utensils for use at home.
但作为顾客，你不必花很多时间确定究竟买什么品牌的咖啡及家庭用品。
4. The company's information systems track product movement —— and move it does. :
The company's information systems keep a close and keen eye on product movement. It also leads the product movement to a proper one. In this way they decide what product they should deliver and therefore avoid a waste of the long-time occupation of the floor.
公司的信息系统跟踪产品的销售形势，并引导销售。
5. Companies pursuing product leadership continually push products into the realm of the unknown, the untried, or the highly desirable. :
Companies pursuing product leadership continually make efforts to produce new products that are unknown, untried, or highly desirable. Note the use of "the" with an adjective. The unknown means the unknown things.
追求产品领先的公司不断推出前所未闻、无人尝试或令人十分满意的产品。
6. If any one is going to render their technology obsolete, they prefer to do it themselves. :
If anyone is planning to improve their technology to the highest level, they prefer to do it themselves.
如果有人想淘汰自己的技术，他们还是愿意自己来做。

7. Vistakon' s high-speed production facility helped give the company a six - month head start over would - be rivals. :
Vistakon' s high-speed production facility helped the company start six months earlier than the would-be rivals .
卫康公司的高速生产设备帮助公司在潜在的竞争者中保持六个月的领先优势。
8. Vistakon's speedy response engendered goodwill in the marketplace. :
Vistakon's quick response makes it hopeful to win in the competitive market.
卫康公司的快速反应为其占领市场赢得了希望。
9. Cable & Wireless pins its success on choosing the customers it can serve best… :
Cable & Wireless attributes its success to choosing the customers it can serve best.
电信公司之所以成功靠的是为选择的顾客提供优质服务。
10. They've kept up with rising parity levels to stay in the game. :
They have kept up with rising levels of parity prices so that they can stay in the competition.
为了不被淘汰出局，他们一直保持平价。

自烤成柴麻烦你帮我修改一下，我没有弄好，把第九课怎么排成那样了，肯定不方便大家看，谢谢你

Lesson Eleven
On Human Nature and Politics[/COLOR]背景知识（Background knowledge）
Bertrand Russell (1872—1970) is already introduced in Lesson Thirteen, Book One. Here is some supplementary information about him. Russell, a distinguished British philosopher, is a man of amazing efficiency and widely varied intellects. His first major understanding in the field of logic and mathematics had a profound influence upon philosophy in the western world. He wrote extensively on philosophy, logic, education, science, economics, ethics, sociology, history, mathematics and politics. During the last decades of his life, he was an inspiration to many people in the west in his active opposition to the manufacture of H-bombs and to the American invasion in Vietnam.
课文要义（Main idea of the text）
The author of this article analyzes the four desires for political activities which he labels
acquisitiveness, rivalry, vanity and love of power. He says that though acquisitiveness is the mainspring of the capitalist system, rivalry is a much stronger motive. Vanity is a motive of immense potency. Power, like vanity, is insatiable. Nothing short of omnipotence could satisfy it completely. Whether you will be led by this motive to actions which are useful, or to actions which are pernicious, depends upon the social system, and upon your capacities. The writer also comes to some other considerably important motives, one of which is the love of excitement. Human beings show their superiority to the brutes by their capacity for boredom. Civilized life has grown so tame that people begin to be interested in the love of excitement to escape from boredom. What is serious about excitement is that so many of its forms are destructive. We must provide harmless outlets for these impulses. With an easy and fluent style, the author discloses the dark side of human nature and politics and gives both a merciless blow in his writings.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. elude (vt.):
1) escape from (somebody or something), esp. by means of a trick 逃避；避开
2) (of a fact) to escape from the memory of (somebody) 不记得
The fox succeeded in eluding the hunters by running back in the opposite direction.
狐狸成功躲过从相反方向跑过来的猎人。
I remember his face very well, but his name eludes me for the moment.
他的长相我记得很清楚，可我一时想不起他的名字。
2. spring (v.): appear, arise 出现；发生
A wind suddenly sprang up. 起风了。
Towns had sprung up in what was a dry desert.
过去的沙漠地带，一座座城镇拔地而起。
3. exaggerate (v.): to say or believe more than the truth about (something); make (something) seem larger, better, worse, etc. 夸张
It's a rabbit, not a lion; you're exaggerating as usual!
是只兔子，不是狮子，你又在夸张。
Only a few people, not thousands of people are killed in the accident. Please don't exaggerate!
只有为数不多的人死于这场事故，而不是数千人，请不要夸张。
4. impiety (n.): lack of respect, esp. for religion 不敬；不恭
He is guilty of filial impiety. 他犯有不孝之罪。
You will not be forgiven for your impieties. 你对神不敬将得不到宽恕。
5. outweigh (v.): weigh more than， be more important than 重于；比……重要
Water outweighs ice. 水比冰重。
My love for her outweighs everything else. 我对她的爱胜过一切。
6. actuate (v.): to cause to act 使……做
He is actuated not by kindness but by a desire for fame.
他这样做不是因为心地善良，而是因为追逐名利。
It is his love for the pretty girl that actuates him to escape from his family.
正是因为他对这个漂亮女孩的爱才促使他离家出走。
7. strenuous (a.): using or needing great efforts 艰苦的；繁重的
Our gym teacher is a strenuous man. 我们健身教练是个精力充沛的人。
He made strenuous efforts to save her. 他竭尽全力去救他
8. outlet (n.): way out for sth. 出口；排气口
The railway is the only outlet to the sea. 这条铁路是通向海滨的唯一道路。
The child needs an outlet for all the energy.
这孩子需要有个办法让他发泄浑身的力气。
9. contemplate (v.): look at, have in view 凝视；思量
When I contemplate the sea I feel calm. 凝视大海，我心里很平静。
The cancer is winning and an end has to be contemplated to his life.
癌症逼近，估计他的生命就要完结了。
10. condemn (v.): say that sb. is wrong or that sth. is wrong 谴责
They condemned him for his treacherous behaviour. 他们谴责他背信弃义。
We all condemn cruelty to children. 我们都谴责对儿童的摧残。

短语 (Expressions)
1. so to speak: in one sense; in a manner of speaking; as we might say 从某种意义上说；可以说
The young man often makes good suggestions to the manager and is, so to speak, the brain of the plant. 那个年轻人经常给经理提好建议，称得上是我们厂的智囊人物。
Very much spoiled by his parents, the 7-year-old boy is, so to speak, a little emperor of the family. 这个7岁男孩被父母宠得太狠，可以说简直就是家里的小皇帝。
2. on that account / on this account /on sb's account: because of that / because of that / because of sb. 因为
He’s angry on that account. 为那个缘故他很生气。
Don’t stay away on John’s account. 为了约翰，不要离开。
3. repent of / doing sth. / that: be sorry for / doing sth. / that 忏悔
He repented (of) his wickedness. 他为自己的罪恶忏悔。
He repented what he had done. 他对自己作国的事很后悔。
4. range…from…to: vary between limits 从……到……范围
Students in this class are of different ages, ranging from 18 to 60.
这个班的学生年龄参差不齐，小到18大到60岁。
Prices for this kind of shirt at this region ranges from 10 dollars to 40.
这种衬衫在这儿的价格有10元到40元不等。
5. be apt to: having a tendency to do something; likely 趋向；想要
This kind of shoe is apt to slip on wet ground. 这种鞋子湿地上很滑。
Children are apt to cry loudly into tears when their needs can't be met.
孩子们一旦得不到满足，就会大哭大叫。
6. inflict to / on / upon: to force (something unwanted or unpleasant) on (someone) 强加于
Please don't inflict your ideas on me. I'm a grown-up.
请不要把你的思想强加于我。我已经长大了。
In China, some young husbands and wives usually inflicted their babies on their mothers when they work. 在中国，有些年轻夫妻上班总把孩子推给他们的母亲。
7. adapt to: to change so as to be or make suitable for new needs, different conditions 调整
He adapted an old car engine to drive his boat. 他把旧汽车的发动机用来发动小船。
We adapted ourselves to the hot weather. 我们调整自己以适应炎热天气。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. hostility: enmity, ill will 敌视；敌意
I have no hostility toward him. 我对他毫无敌意。
rivalry: being rivals, competition 敌对；竞争
Our paper was launched in direct rivalry to theirs.
我们的报纸是为与他们的报纸直接对抗而创办的。
2. keep: continue to have, not lose 保有；保存
Please keep these thing for me while I’m away. 我离开期间请你替我保管这些东西。
hoard: save and store 贮藏
The squirrel hoards up nuts for the winter. 松鼠为过冬贮藏坚果。
3. repent: be sorry for wrong doing 懊悔；后悔做错事
He repented of what he had done. 他懊悔他的所作所为。
regret: feel sorry for sth. 为……感到遗憾
I regret being unable to help you. 我帮不上忙甚为抱歉。
4. poverty: state of being poor 贫穷
The people in that area are living in poverty. 那个地方的人生活在贫困之中。
impoverishment: being worse or poorer in quality 穷困；贫瘠
Bad farming has turned good soil into impoverishment. 耕作不善使沃土变得贫瘠。
5. tiresome: annoying, troublesome 令人烦恼的；令人厌倦的
Working in the garden all day is very tiresome.
整天在园子里干活令人感到非常厌烦。
tiring: making tired 令人疲倦的
He found riding as tiring as walking. 他发现骑车像走路一样使人疲劳。
6. obtain: get, buy 获得；买到
She obtained her degree in 1990. 她1990年获得学位。
derive: get (oft. used with ‘from’) 得来；得到
He derived great pleasure from his studies. 他从学习中获得极大乐趣。
7. victorious: having gained the victory 获得胜利的；战胜的
The victorious team had a celebration. 胜队举行了庆祝会。
triumphant: successful, rejoicing in one’s success or victory 成功的，胜利的，欢欣鼓舞的
The victorious general made a triumphant return. 得胜的将军凯旋。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. … Greek slaves supplied them with exquisite viands at the slightest nod. :
Greek slaves supplied them with very good food as long as they slightly needed.
只要他们轻轻点点头希腊奴隶就会供奉给他们精美的食品。
2. However much you may acquire you will always wish to acquire more; satiety is a dream which will always elude you. :
No matter how much you may have, you will always wish to have more, you will never be satisfied with what you have had.
无论你得到多少，你总是想得到更多，满足是个你永远无法实现的梦。
3. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame.:
"Look at me" implies lots and lots of forms, from the silly awkward behaviour of a buffoon to the pursuit of the fame lasting forever.
“看我”有各种不同的形式，从插科打诨到追求芳名不胜枚举。
4. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on. :
One of the troubles about vanity is that one's vanity is being stronger and stronger if one is encouraged.
虚荣心的问题在于越是鼓励它，虚荣心就越强。
5. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing similar desires to the deity, who they imagine avid for continual praise. :
Human being have even shown the lack of respect to the God, just because the similar desires. They imagine that the god is always ready to give praise.
人类甚至犯下不敬之罪，将类似的欲望也强加神，认为神也渴望得到不断的赞美。
6. Nothing short of omnipotence could satisfy it completely. :
Only the power over all things could satisfy it completely.
只有无限的权利才能完全满足它。
7. …the man who is actuated by love of power is more apt to inflict pain than to permit pleasure. :
The man who loves power is more likely to force pain than to permit pleasure.
受权欲驱使的人更易于施加痛苦而不是让人快乐。
8. But modem life cannot be conducted on these physically strenuous principles.
Since modern life involves only a few specialized muscle exercises, therefore, people can't arrange their modem life as in the past hard time.
但是，这些体力消耗原则不能用于现代生活。
9. I found myself unable to be in entire agreement with the grave men who utter these warnings. :
I couldn't entirely agree with the men who give these warnings.
对于这些人的言论我不敢苟同。
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Lesson Twelve
The Everlasting Witness[B][/B]背景知识（Background knowledge）
See the background knowledge about the Vietnam War of Lesson Fourteen, Book One
课文要义（Main idea of the text）
This is a short novel telling the readers a moving story after the Vietnam War: An American mother came to Mexico from the United States. What she wanted to do was to try and find the film again, the war newsreel in which she had seen Jerry, her son. In one way after another, she came to know at last that the boy with his back to the camera was his son.
The main idea of the novel is that the cruelty of the war lies in not only the fact that the war deprived many soldiers of their lives or made them mentally suffer a lot, but also the fact that it brought more mental pain to their families, especially to their mothers. The story highly praised the mother’s love and the friendship among people.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. felicitous (adj.): well chosen; yielding great pleasure or delight 恰当的；贴切的
What he said is a felicitous comparison. 他的比较很恰当。
You need to handle the delicate matter in a most felicitous manner. 你需要用得体的方式处理这件微妙的事。
2. unsullied (adj.): unspoiled; pure
There always exists the unsullied snow of the mountains. 山上常年积雪 ，洁白纯净。
They have been making efforts to keep the French language unspoiled.
他们一直在努力保持法语的纯正。
3. retroactive (adj.): (of laws) looking back on past events 溯及既往的
The measures will be retroactive to Jan. 1st to the extent possible.
这些措施将尽可能追溯到元月1日。
The court ruling requires the company to pay the workers five years' retroactive wages. 法院裁定公司必须补发给工人过去5年的工资。
4. prick (v.) make a hole with a sharp point, pain caused by pricking 刺孔；刺痛
A bee pricks the skin with its sting. 蜜蜂用螫针刺皮肤。
The leavers of this plant prick if you touch them. 这植物叶子手碰上去会刺人。
5. dally (v.) waste time, think idly about 浪费时间；不慎重考虑
He was late because he dallied along the way. 他迟到了，因为他在路上不抓紧。
He dallied with the proposal of his secretary. 他不慎重考虑秘书的建议。
loiter linger dawdle
都含“迟迟不进” 、“拖延”的意思。
loiter 指“没目的、缓慢地行动”, 也可指“沿路停止或徘徊”, 如:
He was loitering around the street. 他在街上闲逛。
linger 指“迟迟不开始”、“因不愿离去而拖延”, 如:
Winter lingered. 冬天迟迟不去。
dawdle指“行动缓慢”、“浪费时间”, 如:
He dawdled away his time. 他在混日子。
6. jerk (v.): give a sudden move 猝然一动
He jerked off the blanket. 他猝然甩去毯子。
He slept for a few seconds in his saddle and then jerked himself awake again.
他在马鞍上睡了一会儿，然后猛然醒来。
7. grimace (n.) (v.): ugly, twisted expression, make faces 苦相；做鬼脸
His grimace was caused by pain. 疼痛使他面部扭歪了。
The clown grimace at the children. 小丑给孩子们做鬼脸。

短语 (Expressions)
1. on one’s feet: be standing, walking 站立；步行
He fell down, but was on his feet again in a second. 他摔倒了，但马上又站起来。
They have to be on their feet all day, going from one lather to the other.
他们整天马不停蹄，从一台车床走到另一台车床。
2. mixed up: troubled in mind, and unable to think clearly and see the right course to follow 迷惑不解
He listened to so many political arguments that he got all mixed up, and had no idea which was right and which was wrong.
他听的政治辩论太多，反而脑子里乱哄哄的，辩不清谁是谁非。
As soon as he entered the new city, he was mixed up and completely lost.
他一走进这座新城市，就晕头转向，迷失了方向。
3. pertinent to: having to do with the matter in hand 与……有关
What you said is not pertinent to the problem. 你所说的跟本题无关。
The reference you have got in hand is not pertinent to the subject.
你手头掌握的参考内容与这个主题无关。
4. play up to: act in a drama so as to support another actor, flatter 给……当配角，迎合
The people in the whole country played up beautifully to the government’s new policy. 全国人民积极配合政府的新政策。
Some workers tend to play up to their boss. 一些工人总爱讨好上司。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. grimace : make an expression of pain, annoyance 做苦相
She grimaced at the sight of all the work. 看到这些工作她一脸苦相。
make a face: pull the face out of shape to show rude amusement 做鬼脸
The boy made a face at his sister. 那男孩对他妹妹做鬼脸。
2. tremble: shake’ move to and fro 颤动；摇动
The bridge trembled as the heavy lorry crossed it. 那座桥因重卡车通过而颤动。
jerk: push, pull or start suddenly 急推；急拉；急动
The train jerked to a stop. 火车猛然停住。
3. milk: draw milk from 挤奶
The farmer whistled as he milked a cow. 那个农夫一边给奶牛挤奶一边吹口哨。
nurse: feed a baby at the breast 哺乳；喂奶
The mother cat refused to nurse her kittens. 母猫不给小猫吃奶。
4. get to one’s feet: stand up 站立
He got to his feet. 他站起身。
get back on one’s feet: recover, get back to former state 复元；恢复
The medicine helped her get back on her feet. 这药帮助她复元。
5. hold on: stand firm when there is danger or difficulty 坚定
How much longer do they think we can hold on? 他们以为我们还能支持多久？
hold on to: keep one’s grip on, not let go of 抓住；不放手
The boy held on to the bush until someone climbed down the cliff to rescue him.
男孩抓住那矮树，直到有人爬下悬崖去救他。
6. play up: cause sth to seem more important 夸大；渲染
Newspapers have played up his visit. 报纸对他的访问大肆宣传。
play up to: act so as to win the favor of 谄媚；拍马
He always plays up to his political bosses. 他老是拍他政治上司的马屁。
7. burden: put a burden on 加负担于；使负担
He was burdened with taxation. 他为重税所累。
load: put a load in or on 装上某物；加上负担（比喻用法）
The cart was loaded with fruit. 大车装满水果。
He was loaded with favors. 他备受恩宠。
8. devote: give up to 奉献；致力于
He devoted himself to the cure of cancer. 他致力于癌症的治疗。
dedicate: devote, declare sth to be in honor of 贡献；献给
He dedicated his life to the service of his country. 他献身为国服务。
He dedicated his first book to his mother. 他把自己的第一本书献给母亲。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. In unsullied damp brown circles of soft earth the roses bloomed serenely against the pink Mexican wall.:
In the unspoiled, soft part of the brown earth, the roses bloomed gracefully against the pink background of Mexican wall.
在圆形花坛中未受污染的潮湿柔软的褐土里，玫瑰映衬着粉红色的墨西哥式围墙宁静地开放。
2. They ought to be told that the uncertainty had not been removed by this trip to Mexico.
She ought to tell them that her trip to Mexico this time was to make sure whether her son was dead or alive.
应该告诉他们这次墨西哥之行并没有消除她的疑虑。
3. Jerry was seven then and she had to manage him alone, had sometimes failed him.
Jerry was seven years old then and she had to raise him alone, and sometimes she could hardly do it because of the great burden which belonged to both parents.
那时杰里7岁，她只得独自照顾他，有时会让他失望。
4. Once two indolent people in the seats next to theirs delayed them, and the newsreel started.
Once two impolite people in the seats next to theirs were so lazy as not to stand up in time for them to pass, they were delayed.
一次， 坐在他们旁边座位的两个懒洋洋的家伙耽搁了他们，新闻片开始了。
5. Her husband was lost to her.
Since she was so interested in the film that she almost forgot her husband's existence.
她完全忘掉了丈夫的存在。
6. She felt her blood pricking along her temples and there was pressure in her chest below the hollow.
She felt a sharp pain along her temples as if the blood was bursting out and there was pressure on her heart. This is a description of how excited and intense she became when she suddenly thought of the possibility that her son could be there.
她感到热血涌上太阳穴刺痛着她，胸窝下压得慌。
7. The first time she saw the picture alone she was sure there was more action, only flicking motion, but more.
When she saw the film for the first time, she was sure the film had been cut and there must have been more.
她第一次独自去看片子时，确信会有更多的镜头，虽只是一闪而过，但会有的。
8. We ain't going to play up to this and grin from ear to ear to make out we' re well off. :
We are not going to make use of this film to gain anything for ourselves and smile with the implication that we are OK.
我们并不打算顺着他们心意咧嘴大笑，证明我们还挺好。
9. But she dallied, first on the terrace and then on the way across the park.
But she walked there leisurely and was in no hurry . First she went to the terrace and later she was on the way across the park.
但她磨蹭了一会儿，先是在平台上，然后在穿过公园的路上。
10. Now she could go, whatever was the need for buying flowers, taken care of.
No matter what need it was for buying flowers, she had bought them.. So now she could go to the cinema.
现在她可以走了，无论她买花是出于什么需要，花已买好了。
11. She knew she loves Chris that much because of her pent-up love and terror for Jerry.
For a long time, she represented her love and terror for Jerry and closely confined them to herself. Now she expressed those feelings by way of showing love to Chris.
其实她知道，她之所以那样爱克里斯，是出于对杰里深深的爱和担心。
12. The smell was a barrier she was holding on to, to keep the movie from going ahead.
The smell prevented her from seeing the film any more. The smell reminded her of the early time when her son Jerry caught a cold.
这味道是她继续看下去的障碍，好使电影不要放下去。
13. She wanted to drive her car, in motion and tension to find rest.
She wanted to drive her car to keep herself in motion and tension so that she could forget her worries and grief.
她想开自己的车，在运动和紧张中求得安宁。

Lesson Thirteen
Selected Snobberies
背景知识（Background knowledge）
Aldous Huxley (1894—1963): English novelist and essayist, brother of the biologist Julian Huxley (1887—1975). He studied at Eton and then Oxford University. He gained early fame by satirical novels and short stories; his Brave New World (1932) describes a science-controlled civilization of the future. Later novels reflect his interest in Eastern mysticism, though mordant criticism of the modern world continued. (Also see the background knowledge of Lesson Fifteen, Book One)
课文要义（Main idea of the text）
In this text, Aldous Huxley makes a research on the various kinds of snobberies in the world. It's such a popular social phenomenon that it becomes a very sensitive issue. On the one hand, people have a strong aversion to snobs. On the other hand, all men are snobs about something. Huxley sharply criticizes the various snobberies he could think of, but with a strong sense of proportion. To snobberies developed by the rich showing their importance in way of possessing wealth, he shows them no mercy by using burning satire and freezing irony. To those developed out of art and culture, he reproaches mildly.
Attention should be given to the author's word choice and tone of reasoning, expressing his different attitudes toward the various snobberies.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. complacent (adj.): pleased or contented with oneself 自满的
complacence (n): 自满
He talked with his friend with a complacent smile. 他带着得意的微笑和朋友交谈。
She made no further progress because of complacence.
由于自满，她没有取得进一步进展。
2. creditable (adj.): deserving praise, that brings credit 可称赞的；可信的
Making a new machine is a creditable attempt.
制造一台新机器是一个值得称赞的尝试。
His efforts this term have been most creditable. 他这学期的努力非常值得赞扬。
3. malefic (adj.): harmful, doing evil 有害的；邪恶的
maleficent (adj.): 有害的
We should pay attention to the malefic influences of violence on the children.
我们应该重视暴力对儿童的有害影响。
Some TV programs are maleficent to the growth of adolescents.
一些电视节目对青少年成长有害。
4. novelty (n.), novel (adj.): new(ness), strange(ness) 新奇（的）
His idea was novel to me. 他的想法对我来说很新奇。
The novelty of his surroundings soon wore off.
他对于新奇的环境很快就觉得平淡了。
5. reiterate (v.): say or do again several times 反复说或做
reiteration (n.) 反复的说或做
The general reiterated a command. 将军重申一项命令。
Please pay attention to the reiteration of the motif. 请注意主题的反复出现。
6. repulsive (adj.) causing a feeling of disgust 令人反感的；排斥的
repulse (v.): refuse to accept 排斥
The repulsive smell made her vomit. 令人恶心的气味使她呕吐。
The father repulsed the unreasonable request of his son.
父亲严厉拒绝了儿子的不合理要求。
7. solicitude (n.): being concerned about sth., eager care 担心；焦虑
solicitous (adj.): 担心的
His deep solicitude for our study impressed us.
他对我们学习的深深关心给我们留下深刻印象。
David was solicitous about his mother’s health. 大卫担心他母亲的身体。
8. witness
1) (n.): person who gives evidence, evidence 证人；见证
A number of witnesses testified against him. 有些证人证实了他的罪行。
His wounds bear witness to his valour. 他的伤疤是他勇敢的见证。
2) (v.): be present at and see, give evidence 目击；证实
October the first of 1949 witnessed the birth of the People’s Republic of China.
1949年10月1日中华人民共和国诞生了。
His scholarship is not impeccable, as is witnessed in the following list of errors.
下列错误证明他的学问并不是无可挑剔的。

短语 (Expressions)
1. suffer from: have pain or bad health because of 遭受
How long has the child been suffering from repeated stomach trouble?
这孩子肚子疼有多久了？
Sally always suffers from sickness when she is at sea. 莎丽在海上总是晕船。
2. as (so) far as: to the extent that, within to the limit that 在……的范围内
So far as the weather is concerned, I do not think it matters.
就天气而论，我认为没什么要紧。
John did a good job as far as he went, but he did not finish it.
就约翰所做的而言，他做的很好，但他并没有把工作做完。
3. lead to:
1) guide to: 带……去
The girl led her little brother to school. 女孩把弟弟带到学校。
2) be the cause of: 导致
An ordinary cold can soon lead to a fever. 普通感冒很快会引起高烧。
4. thanks to: owing to; because of 因为；由于
Thanks to a sudden rain, the children came home with wet clothes.
由于突然下雨，孩子们回来都成了落汤鸡。
Thanks to your advice, much trouble was saved. 幸亏有你出主意，省了许多麻烦。
5. nothing but: only 仅仅；只有
They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
他们别无它法，只有等医生来。
There is nothing but scrap-paper in the drawer. 抽屉里只有些废纸。
6. in one's interest: in the interest of ; for the benefit of 为了……的利益；对……有利
The gangsters were arrested in the interest of public order¬.
为了维护公共秩序而将流氓恶棍逮捕。
This is arranged in the students' interest. 这样安排是为了方便学生。
7. by means of: by way of; by the use of 凭借
He made his fortune by means of smuggling. 他靠走私暴富。
By means of monthly payments, people can buy more than, in the past.
人们靠分期付款可购买比以往更多的东西。
8. in favor of: on the side of; in agreement with 支持；同意
Everyone in the class voted in favor of the party. 班上每个人都投票赞成开个聚会。
I am in favor of a change in the plan. 我赞成对原计划加以改动。
9. provide … with: supply … with 提供
The ship is provided with enough food to last the whole voyage.
这条船装备有足够整个航程所需的食品。
The firm provides its workers with their uniforms, but they are expected to keep them regularly cleaned.
公司为工人提供制服，但要求他们定期清洗。
10. consist in: have … as its main part 主要在于
True charity doesn't consist in almsgiving. 真正的慈善不在于施舍。
Cooperation consists in helping one another and in sharing losses and gains.
合作在于彼此互助和得失与共。
11. demand of: expect … from 要求
Hard work will be demanded of students in this course. 这门课要求学生下大功夫。
Is it wrong for the policy to demand help of the public in fighting violent crime?
警察与暴力犯罪做斗争时，要求公众帮助这是否有错？
12. take up a position: state or show one's opinion 阐述、表明意见
I wonder if he really means that, or if he's just taking up a position on the matter.
我不明白他真意如此，还是仅仅就此事表明态度而已。
What position is the chairman taking up on that question?
主席对那个问题有何看法？
13.approve of: be in favor of 赞成；喜欢
Few doctors approve of smoking. 医生很少有赞成吸烟的。
No one approved of his hasty decision. 没有人同意他那急忙作出的决定。
14. inferior to: lower in rank, quality, etc. 低于；次于
A lieutenant is inferior to a captain. 中尉低于上尉。
This cloth is inferior to real silk. 这种布料次于真丝。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. snobbish: paying too much to social position or wealth 势利的
People are often snobbish without being aware of it. 人们常常没有意识到自己势利。
proud: having or showing a proper pride or dignity 自豪的；自尊的
They are proud of their success. 他们为自己的成功而自豪。
2. creditable: that brings credit 可称赞的
His conduct was very creditable. 他的品行极可值得称赞。
credible: that can be believed 可信的；可靠的
It is hardly credible that time should have passed so quickly.
时间过得这么快，简直难以置信。
3. reasonable: acting or done in accordance with reason 合乎道理的
You’re not very reasonable if you expect a child to understand sarcasm.
你如果希望一个孩子能懂得讽刺，那就太不明理了。
judicious: showing or having good sense 有见识的；明智的
A judicious parent encourages his children to decide many things for themselves.
明智的家长鼓励孩子在许多事情上自己做决定。
4. retell: tell again, tell in a different way 再讲；重述
The students should answer questions about the story or retell it.
学生要回答有关故事的问题或复述这个故事。
reiterate: say or do again several times 反复地说或做
The boy did not move though the teacher reiterated her command.
虽然老师一再命令，那男孩就是不动。
5. complacent: self-satisfied 自满的；得意的
We must not be complacent about the present situation.
我们决不能对当前形势感到自满。
happy: feeling or expressing pleasure 幸福的；快乐的
He is happy in having congenial work. 他很高兴有一份合适他的工作。
6. questionable: that may be questioned 可疑的；有问题的
It is questionable whether we will finish this in time.
我们是否能按时完成这项工作值得怀疑。
problematical: doubtful, that cannot be foretold 有疑问的；不可预见的
What the weather will be is often problematical. 天气会是什么样常常很难预料。
7. docile: easily trained or controlled 易管的；听话的
That pony is very docile. 那匹小马很听话。
obedient: doing or willing to do what one is told to do 服从的；遵从的
We sat down, obedient to his wishes. 我们遵从他的意愿坐下来。
8. lavish: give abundantly and generously 慷慨给与
The prince lavished money on show girls. 王子在歌舞女郎身上大把花钱。
give: hand over without payment 给予
I gave a book to each of the boys. 我给每个孩子一本书。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. There are certain disfiguring and mortal diseases about which there has probably never been any snobbery.:
Perhaps there has never been anybody who is snobbish about diseases that destroy the looks and are incurable.
也许有些毁容和绝症从来没使人感到势利。
2. To anyone who has actually witnessed these final stages, the complacent poeticizing of these adolescents must seem as exasperating as they are profoundly pathetic. ;
The teenage TB patients feel so satisfied with themselves that they romanticize their illness. They are so ignorant that people who saw them in their last stage with their own eyes feel both very sorry for and annoyed at them.
对目睹过晚期状态的人来说，这些年轻人自我满足的诗情必定会显得令人气恼又觉得可怜。
3. In the case of commoner disease-snobs, whose claim to distinction is that they suffer from one of the maladies of the rich, exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy.:
We have no sympathy for the commoner disease - snobs but feeling exasperated because of their demand that they are different and should be respected for they are suffering from an illness of the rich.
至于那些常见病的势利者，由于得了富贵病而自认为与众不同，对他们则没有太多同情来缓和气恼了。
4. Disease-snobbery is only one out of a great multitude of snobberies, of which now some, now others take pride of place in general esteem.:
There are a great variety of snobberies; disease - snobbery is only one kind of them. At one time some snobberies are generally regarded as the most popular or fashionable; at another time other snobberies are regarded so.
疾病势利只是众多势利中的一种，在众多势利中，有时是这些，有时是那些势利在人们心目中独领风骚。
5. The snobbery of culture ••• has now to wrestle with an organized and active low-browism. :
The snobbery of culture now has to fight with low-browism which is very active and effectively acted upon by large numbers of people.
文化势利现在不得不同有组织的、活跃的粗俗主义作斗争。
6. Even in France, where the existence of so many varieties of delicious wine had hitherto imposed a judicious connoisseurship and has led to the branding of mere drinking as a brutish solecism.
Even in France, the existence of so many different kinds of wonderful wine has set up the authority of the French people on judging the quality of wines and has led them to regard drinking alcoholic drinks as an uncivilized offense against good social manners.
即使在法国，由于有那么多不同种类的葡萄酒，形成了品酒的鉴赏力，把单纯的喝酒看作粗鲁行为。
7. Organized waste among consumers is the first Condition of our industrial prosperity.:
If our industry is to develop quickly so the capitalists can make even more money, the first thing these people need to do is to deliberately produce things of poor quality that will not last long, or things that are easily dated in style. This way the consumers have to keep buying things.
在消费者中组织消费是工业繁荣的先决条件。
8. The value of snobbery in general, its humanistic "point", consists in its power to stimulate activity.:
The value of snobbery in general, its value concerning human beings lies in its capability to urge people into action.
总的来说，势利的价值，它与人相关之处在于它能刺激行为。
9. …it compels the philistines to pay at least some slight tribute to the things of the mind and so helps to make the world less dangerously unsafe for ideas than it otherwise might have been.
Those people who do not like or understand good art, music, literature, etc. and do not think they are important will have to at least show a little bit of respect for the products of the mind, instead of banning or not welcoming them. Thus it will be less dangerous and unsafe for things of the mind.
它迫使市侩庸人至少对精神产品稍加尊敬，比起其他方式，这更有利于世界安全。
10. Each hierarchy culminates in its own particular Pope.
Each group of people has its most highly esteemed snobbery.
每个层次的人群都有自己推崇的势利行为。

Lesson Fourteen
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning背景知识（Background knowledge）
Alan Sillitoe was born in 1928 in the midlands town of Nottingham, England. The squalor of his upbringing is vividly evoked in his autobiogra¬phy, life without Armour (1995). His father was a labourer in a cycle fac¬tory who became one of the long-term unemployed during the 1930s Depres¬sion. The public library was the place of escape from his father's brutish tyranny but even so he left school at 14 and went to work in a factory. He joined the Royal Air Force at the end of the World War II as a radio opera¬tor in 1945. His first published novel, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958), drew on. his experiences of his Nottingham working class back¬ground. Much of Sillitoe’s finest work has been in the short story, most no¬tably The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1959). In such novels as The Death of William Posters (1965) and The Open Door (1989), Sillitoe extends the range of his social critique by involving more intellectual working class characters searching for a more complete life. He has been a prolific writer, and though best known for his novels and short stories, he has pub¬lished children's books, poetry, and plays.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）
The text is adapted from Chapter 16 of Alan Sillitoe's famous novel Saturday Night And Sunday Morning. The novel tells us about the story of Arthur, a young worker.
The text described vividly Arthur' s impatience of the factory and his yearning for the peaceful country life. He made a comparison between a fish and the life itself. Like a fish constantly tempted by bait, people are always tempted by something better. Bait meant trouble, but if you went through life refusing all the bait dangled before you, that would be no life at all.
The author adopted a worker's way of narration, which made the story very lively.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. agitation (n.): painful excitement of the mind or feeling 激动
agitate (v.): to argue strongly for or against sth., trouble 鼓吹；煽动
She was in a state of agitation. 她处于激动状态。
Workers in that factory agitated for higher wages. 工厂的工人发起要求加薪的运动。
2. disengage (v.) separate, detach 分开；脱离
Two enemy battalions disengaged from the battle after suffering heavy casualties.
遭受严重伤亡后，敌人的两营士兵脱离了战斗。
Disengage the gears when you park the car. 停车时把离合器拉开。
3. tranquility (n.): quiet state 平静；安宁
tranquil (adj.): calm, quiet 安静的；宁静的
I like to enjoy the tranquility of the countryside. 我喜欢享受乡下的宁静。
The general’s childhood was tranquil. 将军的童年时代很平静。
4. sling: be lifted 吊；悬
The soldier's gun was slung over his shoulder. 那士兵把枪挂在肩上。
They sling up boxes from the cellar. 他们用吊索把箱子从地窖中吊起来。

短语 (Expressions)
1. from behind: Note the use of two preps together. 注意两个介词连用的情况。
He came to greet me from behind the tree. 他从树后闪身出来跟我打招呼。
I immediately recognized him from among the crowd. 我一眼从人群中认出他来。
2.on one's last legs: dying, at one's wit's end, declining 将死；崩溃
He look like he was on his last legs. 他看起来好像要死了。
Colonialism in Asia is on its last legs. 殖民主义在亚洲已濒临灭绝。
3. keep an eye close to: watch closely 密切注视
The policemen were ordered to keep an eye close to the house.
警察接到命令，密切监视那所房子。
Will you keep an eye to my hat and satchel while I am out for a while?
我要出去一会儿，你能帮我看着这帽子和书包吗？
4. in a way: seen or considered from a certain respect 从某方面看
In a way it is a good thing that I did not get that post I applied for, though I must admit that I was disappointed at the time.
从某种意义上说，我没得到申请的那个职位是件好事，虽然我得承认，当时我是感到失望。
In a way, I agree with you. 在某一点上，我同意你的观点。
5. on the way (to): half way to 在途中
Our team is well on the way to winning the Championship. 我们队很有希望夺冠。
Let's not stop too often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留了。
6. rope in: persuade to help or join 劝……帮忙，加入
I don't want to get roped in any more of your activities. 我不想再参加你们的活动了。
I've been roped in the organization of the. whole thing. I wish I hadn't said yes.
我参与了整件事的组织工作，但愿我不曾就此事点过头。
7. leave alone: let … remain on his own; not touch 不管；不碰
Provided that they have water and light, most plants are best left alone to grow in a natural way. 只要有水和光，多数植物最好是在不受干扰的情况下自然生长。
They left the poor child alone in the house all right.
他们把那可怜的孩子一个人丢在屋里呆了一夜。
8. stick with: continue to deal with坚持
Let' s stick with the present arrangements until a better plan is thought.
在想出更好的计划之前，我们只好按从前的安排行事。
I'll stick with my decision, thank you. 谢谢，我坚持自己的决定。
9. even out: even off: become level or equal 抚平；变平
The ground evens out on the other side of the mountain. 山那边一马平川。
We must even out the differences between city and countryside. 我们要消除城乡差别。
10. from head to tail: referring to the whole body of the fish. 从头至尾
When I entered the office, he scrutinized me from head to foot.
我一进办公室，他就把我上下打量一番。
11. to the hilt: thoroughly; to the highest degree 完全地；彻底地
By the dim moonlight, he saw a soldier standing there, armed to the hilt.
借着昏暗的月光，他看见一个士兵全副武装站在那儿。
All the facts about that must be proved up to the hilt.
有关此事的一切事实必须全部澄清。
12. in store for: put aside for future use; happening inevitably 准备好；必将发生
There's a surprise in store for you. 有件让人吃惊的事要告诉你。
We don't know what is in store for us. 我们不知将来的遭遇如何。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. release: set free, unfasten 释放；解开
The energy released by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.
连锁反应释放的能量被转化成热量。
free: make free 使自由
She freed the bird from its cage. 她把笼里的小鸟放了。
2. peace: freedom from civil disorder 安定；安宁
Go away and leave us in peace. 走开，别来打扰我们。
tranquility: calm or quiet state 安静；宁静
After the commotion and excitement of the city, I appreciate the tranquility of these fields and forests.
经历过城市的喧嚣，我很能品味这些田野和森林的宁静。
3. fall: come down to the ground 倒下；跌落
Five trees fell over in the storm. 暴风雨中倒了5棵树。
collapse: fall down, come to pieces suddenly 倒塌
The weight of the snow on the roof caused the shed to collapse.
棚顶积雪的重量使小棚倒塌。
4. grab: take roughly 抢夺
The dog grabbed the bone and ran off with it. 那狗抢了骨头就跑。
grasp: seize firmly with the hand or arm 抓住；抱住
If you grasp this rope, I will pull you up. 抓住这根绳子，我把你拉上来。
5. execute: carry out 执行；实行
The nurse executed the doctor’s orders. 护士执行医生的指令。
perform: do or carry out a piece of work 做；履行
He performed his experiment over and over, working till midnight.
他一遍又一遍做试验，一直工作到半夜。
6. concern: be busy with, interest oneself in 忙于；关切
You would do better to concern yourself with your own business and not with mine.
你最好关心关心你自己的事，而不是我的。
involve: get into a complicated or difficult condition 陷入；卷入
Don’t involved yourself in unnecessary expense. 不要做不必要的花费。
7. leave: fail to take or do sth 忘记做
I left my book on the table. 我把书忘在桌子上了。
remain: continue to be in an unchanged state 依然；继续存在
Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman.
彼得成了律师，而约翰还是个渔民。
8. vigorous: strong, energetic 有力的；精力充沛的
He keeps himself vigorous by taking exercise. 他通过锻炼使自己保持精力充沛。
violent: using or showing great force 暴力的；强烈的
The violent earthquake left 3000 homeless. 强烈地震造成3000人无家可归。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. A soundless and minuscular explosion of water caught his eyes.:
He caught sight of a sudden, soundless and slight moving of the water.
他看到河水忽然间冒出一个无声的小小的水花。
2. You were a hunter, a dreamer, and your own boss, away from it all for a few hours on any day that the weather did not throw down its rain.:
You were a hunter, a dreamer, and our own boss, enjoying yourself for a few hours without any worries on a sunny day.
你是猎人、梦想家、自己的老板，在一个晴朗的日子远离尘嚣，呆上几个小时。
3. For himself, his own catch had been made, and he would have to wrestle with it for the rest of his life.
For himself, he had already close to work in a factory and was tied to the machine like a fish hooked up by a fisherman. He had to fight with the unpleasant working and living conditions for the rest of his life.
对他自己来说，他已经被钓住了，他不得不在有生之年同它斗争。
4. Then you were roped in by a factory, had a machine slung around your neck. :
Then you were persuaded to go and work in a factory. From then on, you were tied to the manual labor of factory and weighed down with overwork.
然后你被一家工厂套住，机器吊住你的脖子。
5. Without knowing what you were doing you had chewed off more than you could bite and had to stick with the same piece of bait for the rest of your life.:
Without knowing what you were doing you had been engaged in something that you were not able to cope with, and you would suffer from it for the rest of your life.
不知自己在做什么，你咬下自己无法咀嚼的鱼饵，你要用余生来咀嚼这块鱼饵。
6. If you went through life refusing all the bait dangled before you, that would be no life at all. No changes would be made and you would have nothing to fight against.:
If you are cunning enough to avoid all temptations in life, that kind of life is not worth living. If you refuse to take any risk, you would be perfectly safe but no changes would be made in your life and there is nothing to fight against and fight for.
如果你拒绝一切诱惑度过一生的话，那根本就谈不上生活。凡事一成不变，你将失去奋斗的目标。
7. But you couldn't concern yourself too much with these things if you had plans and wanted to get something out of life that you had never had before. :
But if you had ambitions and wish to be successful in life, you shouldn't trouble too much about these possibilities.
如果你有计划并想取得自己以前从未有过的东西，就不能对这些事过于担忧。
8. One more chance, he said to himself, but if you or any of your pals come back to the bait, it's curtains for ’em. :
He said to himself: I'll give you one more chance to live, but if' you or any other fish is hooked next time, I won't take pity on you any more and that will be the end of you.
他暗想，再给你一次机会，不过，你或你的同伴再来咬饵，你们的死期就到了。
9. If it's not one thing it's another, apart from the work we have to do and the way we spend our wages.:
If we don't fight with one thing, we fight with another, including the work we have to do and the careful planning as to how to spend the little money we earned. There is no getting away.
不是和这个就是和那个作斗争，还不算上要工作，要花工资。
10. There's bound to be trouble in store for me everyday of my life, because trouble it's always been and always will be.:
Every day of my life, there must be some trouble there ready to trouble me because there has always been trouble and there always will be trouble. There is no end of it.
每天必定都会遇到麻烦，因为过去一直有，将来也一直会有。

Lesson Fifteen
Is America Falling Apart?
背景知识（Background knowledge）
Anthony Burgess (b. Feb. 25, 1917, Manchester, England. Nov. 22, 1993, London), English novelist, critic, and man of letters, whose fictional explorations of modern dilemmas combine wit, moral earnestness, and a note of the bizarre. He graduated from Manchester University in 1940, he taught school in England and the Far East and is marked by an adroit use of language and a surreal, darkly comic imagination. His best known work is A Clockwork Orange (1962), His oth¬er works include: Inside Mr. Endery (1961), MF (1971), Napoleon Symphony: A Novel in Four Movements (1974), Earthly Powers (1980), The End of the World News (1982), and Ninety - Nine Novels—— The Best in English since 1939.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）
In this text, the author sharply criticized America in its 60's and 70's. According to him, there existed serious problems in its various aspects as consumption, public service, education, youth, and public security. However, the purpose of the author was not to prove that America was falling apart, but rather, to tell the neurotic Americans:
"A sense of sin is always admirable, though it must not be allowed to become neurotic. It is still a country more stimulating than depressing". The author also pointed out that the young must not be taken as guides. "The guides always lie among the writers and artists". The time had come for Americans to demand from their government more pensions and sickness benefits as well as nationalized transportation.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. insipid (adj.): without taste or flavor 没有味道；乏味
That young lady is pretty but insipid. 那位年轻女士漂亮但枯燥无味。
I used to find him insipid. 过去我觉得他缺少风趣。
2. obsolescence (n): being out of date 过时；废弃
obsolescent (adj.) : 废弃的
Planned obsolescence encourages consumption. 人为的商品废弃刺激消费。
Old type of television is obsolescent. 老型号电视正逐步被废弃。
3. repentance (n.): regret for wrongdoing 悔悟
repent (v.): think with regret 后悔
He has bitterly repented of his folly. 他痛悔自己的愚行。
Tom showed repentance for what he had done. 汤姆对自己的所作所为表示后悔。
4. signalize (v.): make noteworthy or conspicuous 表现；使显著
The event was signalized because of the participation of Andy.
由于安迪的参与，这个事件显得很突出。
Their cheers signalized the President’s arrival. 他们阵阵欢呼声表明总统驾到。
5. shrink (v.):
1) become less, smaller 收缩；萎缩
Woolen clothes often shrink when they are washed. 毛料衣服洗后会缩水。
How your gums have shrunk since your teeth were extracted.
你的牙拔掉后，齿龈收缩了不少。
2) move back, withdraw 退缩；畏缩
The dog shrank from the whip. 那条狗退缩以避开鞭子。
He shrank from admitting his guilt. 他畏畏缩缩不敢认罪。
6. deteriorate （v.）: make or become of less value or worse in quality 变坏；退化
A hot, damp climate deteriorates leather. 湿热的天气使皮革变坏。
Machinery deteriorates rapidly if it is not taken care of.
机器不加维护就会很快生锈。

短语 (Expressions)
1. at the drop of a hat: at any time 随时；不论何时
He was quarrelsome and ready to fight at the drop of a hat.
他很好斗，随时都跃跃欲试。
If you need a babysitter quickly, call Mary, because she can come at the drop of a hat. 你若急需保姆可叫玛丽，因为她随叫随到。
2. look forward to: to expect with hope or pleasure 盼望；渴望
We are all looking forward to seeing you again soon. 我们都盼望不久能与你重逢。
I'm looking forward to some warmer weather after this bitter winter.
我盼着严冬过后的好天气。
3. go without: live or continue in spite of lacking something 没有……也能过
He went without food for three days in succession. 他一连三天没有吃饭。
It's unhealthy and dangerous to go without sleep. 老不睡觉对身体不利。
4. go wrong:
1) fail to work properly; fail to work as one had planned or wished 出毛病；出问题
We must be very serious about it. If one thing went wrong, everything would be ruined.
我们必须对此慎之又慎，一旦有闪失，将功亏一篑。
If that washing machine goes wrong again, I shall complain to the makers.
如果那台洗衣机再出问题，我就找厂家。
2) take the wrong road when traveling 走错路
We must have gone wrong somewhere, we should have reached the village by now.
我们一定走错了路，这会儿我们本该到村里了。
Can't we have gone wrong? This is not the town we want to get to.
我们会不会走错了？这不是我们要去的小镇。
5. come apart at the seams: to become ruined or fall into a bad mental state 崩溃；破灭
Their clever plan came apart at the seams when the government changed the tax laws. 政府修改了税法，他们的得意算盘落空了。
I'm rather worried about my secretary; she's been coming apart at the seams recently. 我真为秘书担心，她最近精神濒于崩溃。
6. prevent from: stop from 阻止；阻碍
I was prevented from arriving on time by a delay in the railway system.
因火车误点我没能按时赶到。
Nothing shall prevent us from reaching our goal.
什么也不能阻止我们去实现自己的目标。
7. come into being( existence): appear 出现；产生
Before the railway came into being, a four-horse coach was a popular means of transportation.
在铁路出现之前，四匹马拉的马车是流行的交通工具。
It was only after many years that the cure to the disease was found.
多年之后治疗这种病的药才出现。
8. concentrate on: to fix one' s attention on 专心于；致力于
Many firms are concentrating on increasing their markets overseas.
很多公司都致力于开拓海外市场。
I can’t concentrate on what I’m doing while the noise is going on.
噪声不断，我不能专心做事。
9. clamor for: demand of ; ask earnestly for 要求
The miners are clamoring for another increase in pay. 矿工要求再次增加工资。
If you climb mountains in fog, you are clamoring for trouble.
雾天爬山，你是自找麻烦。
10. derive from: get from; have its origin in 得到；由……而来
She derived great pleasure from her grandchildren. 她从孙子们那里得到很多快乐。
This oil is derived from minerals found deep in the earth.
这油取自于地表深处的矿石。
11. be subject to: be under the control of ; be in accordance with 受…..制约；依照
We are subject to our country's laws. 我们受国家法律制约。
The treaty is subject to ratification. 协定须经批准后方能生效。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. rugged: not refined or gentle 粗犷的，不雅的
He is rugged but kind. 他虽然很粗野，但是很亲切。
dogged: obstinate, stubborn 顽强的；固执的
She was not very clever, but by dogged effort she learnt a good deal at school.
她并不很聪明，但通过顽强的努力，她在学校学了很多东西。
2. transmission: transmitting or being transmitted 传送；传播
Mosquitoes are the only means of transmission of malaria.
蚊子是传播疟疾的唯一途径。
transition: change from one position to another 转移；变化
Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood.
青春期是儿童与成年之间的过度时期。
3. clamor: express a demand loudly and strongly 叫嚣；呼吁
The newspapers clamored against the government’s policy.
报纸大声疾呼反对政府的政策。
glamorize: make sth appear better, more attractive than in reality 美化
The newspapers often glamorize the lives of film stars.
报纸经常美化电影明星的生活。
4. accusation: charge of doing wrong 控告；指责
She made an accusation about his theft. 她指控他盗窃。
condemnation: saying that sb is or has done wrong 责备；谴责
Cheating deserves our harshest condemnation. 欺骗应该受到我们最严厉的谴责。
5. conscious: awake, aware 清醒的；明白的
He was conscious of his guilt. 他自知有罪。
conscientious: guided by one’s sense of duty 有责任心的，尽责的
She was a very industrious and conscientious girl. 她是个非常勤勉并负责的姑娘。
6. ecstasy: great joy 狂喜
We were in ecstasy at the thought of going home. 一想到回家我们就高兴不已。
anguish: severe suffering 剧烈痛苦；苦恼
She was in anguish until she knew that her husband’s life had been saved.
她一直很痛苦，直到得知她丈夫的生命已经得救才放心。
7. segmental: of only a part 部分的；零碎的
I have only segmental knowledge about the philosophy.
我只有一些零星的哲学知识。
partial: forming only a part, having a liking for 部分的；偏爱的
The play was only a partial success. 这部戏不完全成功。
Our teacher sometimes seems partial to the girls. 我们老师有时对女孩子偏心。
8. amenity: pleasantness 宜人
I like the amenity of the climate here. 我喜欢这里宜人的气候。
ambience: environment, atmosphere 环境；气氛
We found this place a nice ambience. 我们发现这地方的环境不错。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. … next Wednesday's return of an old Western is something to look forward to.
An old American film about cowboys to be re-shown next Wednesday is something the local people are expecting.
大家期待着下星期三重播一部老西部片。
2. Hence the neurosis, despair, the Kafka feeling that the whole marvelous fabric of American life is coming apart at the seams.
So, the pessimistic Americans develop a feeling of neurosis, despair and the feeling that the whole of American society is breaking down fundamentally, which is similar to the feeling described in Kafka's novels.
因此出现了神经质、绝望以及感到美好的美国生活结构正在崩溃的卡夫卡式忧郁。
3. American individualism … wishes to manifest itself in independence of the community. :
American individualism wants to show to the world that it is independent of or different from other people in the community.
美国的个人主义希望独立于社会表现自己。
4. Once let the acquisitive instinct burgeon, and there were ruggedly individual forces only too ready to make it come to full and monstrous blossom.
As soon as the acquisitive instinct begins to grow, strong individual forces will develop it fully, which is something outrageous.
一旦占有的本能滋生，强大的个人力量就会迫不及待地使它开出巨大的花朵。
5. This self-elected deprivation was a way into the nastier side of the consumer society:
I chose not to buy an automobile of my own. That way I was able to see the more disgusting side of the consumer society.
我自己选择不用私人汽车是了解消费社会丑陋侧面的途径。
6. The nightmare of filth, outside and in, that enfolds the trip from Springfield, Mass. , to Grand Central Station would not be accepted in backward Europe.
It is terribly dirty inside the trains and along the railway line from Springfield to New York. Even in such backward places as Europe, this situation would not be accepted.
从马萨诸塞州到斯普林菲尔德到中央车站，整个旅途，车里车外脏得如噩梦般可怕，这种状况在落后的欧洲也无法接受。
7. The more efficiently self-contained the home seems to be, the more dependent it is on the great impersonal corporations…
The more the home is well equipped with all sorts of gadgets, the more dependent it is on the great indifferent corporations.
家庭设施越是齐备，就越是要依赖毫无人情味的大公司。
8. And doctors and dentists know their scarcity value and behave accordingly:
And doctors and dentists know that there are too few of them to meet the need of the many patients. They become so valuable that excessive medical fees are charged and accepted.
医生和牙医知道物以稀为贵，并以此指导自己的行为。
9. Awareness of this is a kind of redemptive grace, but it has not led to repentance and a revolution in consumer habits:
Awareness of this is a kind of compensation for their guilty feelings about consumption. Yet it has not noticeably brought about deep regret or a drastic change in the way they consume.
认识到这一点是种弥补，但并没有真正做到消费习惯上的改过和革命。
10. But there seemed to be no spark, no daring, no madness, no readiness to encourage the individual child's mind as anything other than raw material for statistical reductions:
The teachers only prepared the children for working wit numbers. They seemed to have no flash of wit, no courage no enthusiasm, and were not ready to engage the children in other things.
但是除了把每个孩子的头脑当作计算训练的原料之外，似乎没有思想火花，没有勇气，没有激情，也没有愿望。
11. The agony that America is undergoing is not to be associated with breakdown as much as with the parturition of self-knowledge:
The great pain that America is undergoing is more associated with the birth of self-knowledge of its evil — doing than with the actual breakdown of the country.
美国正在承受痛苦，并不是伴随分崩离析而来，而是伴随开始自我认知而生的。

Lesson Sixteen
Through the Tunnel[B][/B]背景知识（Background knowledge）
Doris Leasing was born Doris May Taylor in Persia ( now Iran ) on October 22, 1919. Both of her parents were British. In 1925, lured by the promise of getting rich through maize fanning, the family moved to British colony in southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Doris Lessing's childhood was an uneven mix of some pleasure and much pain. It was the end of her formal education when she was 13. By 1949, Leasing had moved to London and published her first novel, The Crass Is Singing in 1950, and then she began her career as a professional writer. Lessing's fiction is deeply auto¬biographical , much of it emerging out of her experiences in Africa, Her nov¬els include The Golden Notebook (1962). The Good Terrorist (1985) The Fifth Child (1988). She also published two novels under the pseudonym Jane Somera The Diary of a Good Neighbour (1983) and If the Old Could--(1984). Doris Lessing is such a well-known British novelist that in Jan¬uary, 2000 the National Portrait Gallery in London unveiled Leonard Mc-Comb' s portrait of Doris Leasing.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）
Through the Tunnel is a descriptive prose in style. It tells us about an 11 -year-old English boy, Jerry, going to the seaside with his widowed mother. Mother would like him to stay on the beach for it would be safer. But Jerry was tired of the seaside. He would rather plunge down to the bottom of the sea with other boys and do something more thrilling and stimulating. Once he found some boys going through a tunnel under the sea, which demanded holding the breath for long. Therefore, Jerry was practicing hard to get ready after he had observed the tunnel and how the other boys had managed well.Two points are strikingly impressive in this text: The elegant description of the scene and activities and the affectionate feeling between the Mother and Son.

词汇 (Vocabulary)
1. apologetic (adj.): expressing regret 道歉的
apology (n.): statement of regret 道歉
He was apologetic for arriving late. 他为迟到而道歉。
I must offer her an apology for not going to her party. 没能参加她的聚会我必须向她道歉。
2. contrition (n.): deep sorrow 痛悔
contrite (adj.): filled with deep sorrow 深深悔悟的
His contrite tears moved his mother. 他悔悟的眼泪感动了母亲。
Contrition sent him confessing his crime. 痛悔使他自首，承认了罪行。
3. defiant (adj.): openly disobedient
defiance (n.): open disobedience
He went swimming in the sea in defiance of the warning sign telling him not to. 他不顾警告标志而到那里的海中游泳。
She doesn’t know how to get along with her defiant step-son.
她不知如何与富有对抗性的继子相处。
4. persist (v.): refuse to make any change in sth. 坚持
persistence (n.): 坚持
Does he always persist in his opinion like that? 他经常那样坚持己见吗？
The persistence of a high temperature in the patient puzzled the doctor.
病人一直发高烧使医生困惑。
5. proceed （v.）: continue to 继续
Can we proceed to the next question on our list? 我们继续讨论下一个问题吗？
She washed the shirts and proceeded to starch them. 他把衬衣洗了，又动手去上浆。

短语 (Expressions)
1. long for: wish very much for 渴望
The crowd were longing for the performance to start. 人群急切盼望演出开始。
You seem to be longing for me to say something. 你好像在盼着我说点什么。
2. tired of: have had enough of 对……厌倦
I'm getting tired of his empty boasting. 我对他空洞的吹嘘有点烦了。
The lecturer has been speaking for two hours, and the audience are getting tired of it. 演讲人已经连续讲了两个小时，听众已有些不耐烦了。
3. blurt out: blunder out, tell without thinking 脱口说出
Peter blurted out the news before he considered its effect.
彼得没有考虑后果脱口说出那个消息。
In his anger, he blurted out the secret. 盛怒之下，他冲口说出秘密。
4. would like: wish, want. (used to express one' s desire politely or offer to help) 希望；愿意
I'd like to go for a walk, if it is fine. 如果天气好，我想去散步。
Please take a seat. Would you like something to drink? 请坐！要喝点什么吗？
5. as for: in regard to ; about 至于；关于
As for the story he has just cooked up, I think only a fool will believe it.
我想只有傻瓜才会相信他刚刚捏造的那套谎言。
I could stay for one day or two days, but as for staying for a week, it would be out of the question.
我可以停留一、二天，至于耽搁一个星期，那是不可能的。
6.strip off: remove all one's clothing 脱衣服
Quickly stripping off, he jumped into the river to save the drowning child.
他摔掉衣服，跳下河去救那溺水的孩子。
Strip off those wet clothes as fast as you can. 快把湿衣服脱了。
7. stray from: to wander accidentally away from 离开；偏离
The sheep has strayed from our fields, and on the neighboring fanner's land.
羊群离开我们的草场，跑到邻近的农场去了。
You are straying from the subject again; do please keep to the point.
你又跑题了，请回到正题上来。
8. make way for: move aside so as to allow room for someone or something to pass 让路
The crowd divided to make way for the police car. 人群为警车让出一条路。
Make way for the king, there! 国王到，闪开！
9. plunge down: descend steeply 跳入；潜入
Without stopping to think of his own safety, he plunged down to save the drowning boy. 他顾不上考虑自身安全，潜入水中去救落水儿童。
The path plunges down to the sea. 这条路没入海底。
10. cling to: stay near or touching 紧贴住；抓住
The ship clung to the shore. 船靠近岸边行使。
The climber had to cling to the cliff. 登山运动员紧抓住峭壁。
11. let go (hold ) of: stop holding 放手；松手
Let go of my arm! 放开我的胳膊。
If he lets go of the rope, he'll fall to his death. 如果他放开那根绳索，就会摔死的。
12. insist on: strongly demand 坚持
If they insist on fighting, we will keep them company.
如果他们一定要打的话，我们就奉陪。
They insisted that he should be present at the ceremony. 他们坚持要他出席这个仪式。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)
1. unfailing: never coming to an end 始终如一的
Her unfailing courage inspired us all. 她始终如一的勇气激励着我们大家。
lasting: continuing for a long time 持久的
No one can break the lasting friendship between the two peoples.
没有人能破坏两国人民之间的长久友谊。
2. uncomprehending: who dose not understanding 不理解；不明白
He turned to his uncomprehending wife and explained.
他转向尚不理解的妻子，向她解释。
incomprehensible: that cannot be understood 不能理解的，难懂的
Her pronunciation is incomprehensible to most of us.
她的发音我们大多数人很难听懂。
3. contented: satisfied, feeling content 满意的
He seems quite contented with his wife. 他似乎对他的妻子挺满意。
relieved: lessening or removing pain or distress 减轻或解除痛苦或困难
We were relieved to hear that you had arrived safety. 听到你已安全到达，我们安心了。
4. weigh: measure how heavy sth is 称……重量
He weighed himself on the scale. 他在体重器上称体重。
weight: make sth heavy, add weight to sth 使重；加重
They weighted the balloon to prevent it from flying away.
他们给气球增加重量，以防止它飞走。
5. move: change position 移动
Move your chair nearer to the fire. 把你的椅挪近火炉一点。
remove: take to another place 拿走；取去
He removed his desk to another office. 他把他的写字台搬到另一个办公室。
6. easy: not difficult 容易的
The place is easy to reach. 那地方很容易到达。
effortless: making no effort, without effort 不尽力的；不费力的
A good player can make tennis look effortless. 一个好球员打网球看上去好像不费劲。
7. persistence: refusing to make any change in sth 坚持；固执
The salesman’s persistence annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave in. 推销员的努力推销使老太太很不高兴，但最好她还是让步了。
perseverance: constant effort to achieve sth, 毅力；不屈不挠
They succeeded in climbing the hill only through perseverance.
他们成功地爬上山就是靠毅力。
8. torment: cause severe suffering to 受折磨
Stop tormenting your father by asking silly questions.
别再问一些愚蠢的问题折磨你父亲。
disturb: break the peace of sth, upset 搅乱；使不安
She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child.
她轻轻地开门，以免惊扰睡着的孩子。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）
1. She was determined to be neither possessive nor lacking in devotion:
She made up her mind: she would not take him as her own property, and at the same time, she would give much of her love to him.
她决心对儿子既不过多束缚又不缺少爱。
2. He swam back to shore; relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once lonely:
He swam back to shore. He felt relieved when he was sure that his mother was safe and sound on her beach. But without the company of her son she suddenly looked very lonely.
他游回岸边，看到母亲在那儿，于是放心了，可是突然觉得她很孤独。
3. They were of that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand:
They belonged to the coast. All of them were sun burned smooth dark brown. And they spoke a language strange to his ears.
他们属于那个海岸，一个个晒得黑黝黝的，讲着他听不懂的语言。
4. To be with them, of them, was a craving that filled his whole body:
He was longing for being able to join them and making friend with them.
与他们在一起，成为他们中的一员，是充满他全身心的渴望。
5. He cried openly, fists in his eyes. There was no one to see him, and he cried himself out:
He began to cry openly, rubbing his eyes with his fists. Since no one could see him, he burst out into tears.
他毫不掩饰地哭起来，用手揉着泪眼，周围空无一人，他放声大哭

终于打完了也发完了，希望对有需要的人能有帮助，以后会继续关注英语巴士，祝大家学并快乐着...
预祝和我一样要参加考试的人取得好成绩！！！[B][/B][SIZE=4][/SIZE]

辛苦辛苦

好！真的很好哦

谢谢

LZ辛苦了，非常感谢！！！