Chapter 1

Land and People

I. Different names for Britain and its parts

1.      Which of the following names can be regarded as the correct names for “英国”

Britain   Great Britain   England    The British Isles    The United Kingdom    The UK

answer:

Britain  The United Kingdom   The UK

The full name should be: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2.      Britain/UK is made up of _______ and _________.

The island of Great Britain is made up of ________, __________ and ________.

The British Isles are made up of _________ and ________.

The Republic of Ireland /Eire is made up of ___________.

Answer:

Great Britain and Northern Ireland

England, Scotland and Wales

(Therefore Britain is made up of four parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.)

two large islands ( Great Britain and Ireland ) and hundreds of small ones  

the rest part of Ireland/ the southern part of Ireland

                              England

                Great Britain    Scotland                

                              Wales                                     the UK

the British Isles                 Northern Ireland

                Ireland  

                             the southern part of Ireland----- Eire

                other small islands

3. Explain in English: the British Commonwealth

It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was established in 1931, replacing the former British Empire. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. It has no special powers. At present there are about 50 member countries within the Commonwealth. (英联邦未设立任何权力机构，英国国王为联邦的象征和元首，各成员国首脑定期举行会议，但其结果对成员国没有约束力。)

But more important today in Britain’s international relations is the European Union, of which The UK has been a member since 1973, and it is more useful when considering modern Britain to emphasize its role a European nation, rather than its membership of the Commonwealth.

4.      Question 1 from P15: the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth

   The British Isles, Great Britain, and England are geographical names, not the official names of the country. The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or just Britain, the United Kingdom or simply UK. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.

5.      Why do foreigners often make the mistake of using “England” when they mean the UK? / Why can England represent the whole Britain?

Because England is the largest and most populous of the four nations. It is dominant in aspects of economy, culture and politics.

Generally speaking, the south is on average more wealthy than the north. Part of the reason is that the capital of the UK, London, is in the south of the country, and it is dominant in the UK in all sorts of ways. It is by far the largest city in the country; it is the seat of government; it is the cultural centre. Also it is the business centre, headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies; it is the financial centre of the nation, and one of the major international financial centers in the world

II. Geographical Features

1.      Question 2 from P15: Describe the geographical position of Britain.

Answer: p4

2.      Question 3 from P15: Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?

Answer: p5

3.      Where do British people mainly live?

They mainly live in England. (England is the largest and most populous part of Britain.)

4.      Which mountain is the highest mountain in UK., and where is it?

Ben Nevis. It is located in the western part of the Scottish Highlands.

   (Note: Scafell is the highest peak of England, and it is in the Lake District in north-west England; while Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.)

5.      The capitals of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are :

London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast

6. Q7, p15: What are the three natural zones in Scotland?

   Answer: p6---- The Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.

7. Where do most people in Scotland live?

   Answer: in the central Lowlands (see p6)

8. Pay attention to the following terms:

the English Channel: a narrow channel that separates Britain from the rest of Europe

the Straits of Dover: the narrowest part of the English Channel, only 33 km across

Chunnel: a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover by which England and France is joined together. It was built in 1985 and open to traffic in May 1994.

Pennines: a range of hills running from North Midland to the Scottish border, and are the principal mountain chain.

Scafell, Snowdonia and Ben Nevis, please see point4

III. Rivers and Lakes (p7—8)

Explain the following terms in English

Severn River: It is the longest river in Britain, which is 338 km long. It rises in central Wales and flows in a semicircle through West Central England to the Bristol Channel.

Thames River: It is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is 336 km long. It rises in the Cotswolds in southwest England and flows through the Midland of England to London and out into the North Sea.

River Clyde: it is the most important river in Scotland. It rises in Dumfries and runs 171 km, passing through Glasgow, and enters the Firth of Clyde. It is an important commercial waterway.

Lough Neagh: It is the largest lake in Britain. It is in Northern Ireland and covers an area of 396 square kilometers.

the Lake District: It is located in the northwest of England. It is one of the country’s popular tourist attractions. It is well known for its wild and beautiful scenery and 15 lakes. It is also the home of the Lake poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey of the 19th century.

IV. Climate

1. Question 4 from p15: Does Britain have a favorable climate? Why？/ What are the features of the climate of Britain?

Answer: P8

2.      Question 5: The factors which influence the climate in Britain.

Answer:P9: There are three factors: (1) The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences by heating up and cooling it off in summer; (2) The prevailing southwest winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate; (3) The North Atlantic Drift, a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

3.      Question 5: Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?

Answer: P10

The north and west parts have the most rainfall, while the south and east parts are the driest.

4.      What are the common natural calamities in Britain?

Answer: drought, flooding, fog, smog, frost, and severe gales

V. The People      

1. Where do British people mainly live? Which city had the largest population?

Answer: England; London (see para2, p11)

2. Q6: Describe the distribution of Britain’s population?

Answer: p11

3. Pay attention to the following terms:

  Celts:

They were ancient people in English history. They came to England after 700 BC, in three waves: the Gaels, the Brythons, and the Belgae (p17).  When they came, one group was called Britons, from which the people of Britain grew. They are regarded as the ancestors of Scots, Welsh, and Irish.

  Anglo-Saxons:

        They were the three Teutonic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century, i.e. Jutes, Saxons and Angles (p20). They were regarded as the ancestors of English.  

  Vikings:

        They were groups of seamen from Scandinavia who attacked coastal villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th century. They attacked England from the end of the 8th century, and became a serious problem in the 9th century.

  Normans

        They were descendants of the Vikings, and they came from Normandy, northern France. In 1066 they invaded Britain, led by William, Duke of Normandy.

4. A brief view of British history, more exactly, English history.    

the Iberians (3000BC, the New Stone Age)→the Beaker Folk (2000BC)→the Celts (700BC)→the Romans (43AD)→the Anglo-Saxons (the 5th century) → the Vikings (the 8th century) → the Normans (1066)

5. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England? /Who laid the foundations of English state? (Chapter 2)

  Answer: the Anglo-Saxons.

6. Q8, p15: What is the difference between the ancestors of English and Scots, Welsh, and Irish?

  Answer: The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.

All the four nations were settled by Celtic tribes before the arrival of the Roman Empire. Then the Romans invaded England and Wales (but not Scotland or Ireland), and they became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. After the Romans left England and Wales, Wales was again a Celtic land, but England soon fell to the Anglo-Saxons invaders in the 5th century, who gave England its name ‘Angle-land”. Therefore, Anglo-Saxons were the founders of England (or Angle-land) and the ancestors of English. In 829, King of West Saxon, Egbert, united England. Later, England was invaded by the Vikings in the 9th century and the Normans in 1066. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, the weak Saxon rule was replaced by a strong Norman government, and the feudal system in England was completely established.

  There were frequent wars between England and the other three nations as England tried to conquer them. The Hollywood movie, Brave Heart told the story of William Wallace’s (the greatest Scottish hero) rebellion in 1298, which was quelled by the English. In 1536, Wales was brought into the UK, and in 1707, Scotland joined the UK. Ireland joined UK in 1801. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”. In 1921, the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the northern 6 counties remained a part of UK.

7. Q9, p15: (1) what are the differences in character and speech between southern England and Northern England?

   Answer: p13

          (2) How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?

   Answer: p14

They have various festivals of songs and dance and poetry. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art and in this way they keep their language and culture alive.

8. Languages in Britain.

  England: English;

  Wales: English and Welsh (both are official languages in Wales)

  Scotland: English, Gaelic (mainly in Highlands and the Western Isles)

  Northern Ireland: English and Irish

  Welsh and Gaelic are ancient Celtic languages./ The Celtic languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.

9. Q10, p15: What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?

  Answer: P14

Chapter 2

The Origins of a Nation

I. Early Settlers

  The Iberians constructed Stonehenge; the Beaker Folk brought the art of making pottery and bronze tools and the custom of individual burial; the Celts came in three main waves: Gaels, Brythons, and the Belgae. They built houses of wood and wickerwork and they also made iron tools. Their religion was Druidism

II. Roman Britain

1. Choose the correct answer from the following choices.

A. Emperor Claudius  B. Julius Caesar   C. Agricola    D. Constantine

(1) Who invaded Britain for the first time and when?  

(2) Who successfully conquered Britain and when?

(3) Who is the first Christian emperor in Rome?

Answer: (1) Julius Caesar; in 55BC  

(2) Emperor Claudius; in 43AD

(3) Constantine

(也可做名词解释)

2. Who first brought Christianity to Britain?

  A. the Romans    B. Anglo-Saxons    C. the Vikings    D. the Normans

3. The Romans built too great walls: the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall.

4. From which of the following languages was the suffix –caster or –chester borrowed?

   A. Danish     B. Welsh    C. Latin       D. German

5. How long had the Romans ruled Britain?

  A. for 100 years   B. for 200 years    C. for 300 years   D. for 400 years

6. Q1, p26: What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain?

  Answer: In 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.

7. Q2, p26: Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?

  Answer: p20

III. The Anglo-Saxons

1.      Q3: Who were the Anglo-Saxons and how did the Heptarchy come into being?

Answer: p20---21

The Anglo-Saxons were the three Teutonic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century. They were Jutes, Saxons and Angles.

The three Teutonic tribes came to England from the mid-5th century. They settled in different parts of England which was divided into many small kingdoms. Among them, there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.

2.      At the end of the 2nd paragraph of page 21, the sentence “… in 829, Egbert actually became an overload of all the English” means England was united by King Egbert in 829. (The present Queen, Elizabeth II, is directly descended from him.)

3.      The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday derived from Teutonic religion, the religion of the Anglo-Saxons.

4.      Who was the first Archbishop of Canterbury and when?

Answer: St. Augustine; in 579. (Therefore, he was regarded as the one who formally brought Christianity to Britain, but it was the Romans who first brought Christianity to Britain.)

5.      Q4: How were the early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity?

Answer: p22

6.      Q5: What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English State?

Answer: P22

7.      Q6: Who were the Vikings and how did they invade Britain?

Answer: They were the Norwegians and the Danes who attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serous problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important centre of Christianity in 867. In 879, the Danes came to an agreement with King of Wessex, Alfred, by which the Danes gained control of the north and east of England (“the Danelaw”).

8.      Q7: What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”?

Answer: Alfred the Great was the king of Wessex. He was known as “the father of the British Navy”. He fought efficiently against the Dane’s invasion. He was a wise and learned man: he built school and formulated a legal system; he also translated into English Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He was worthy of the title Alfred the Great.

9.      The feudal system in England was completely established under the rule of_______

A. Julius Caesar  B. William the Conqueror   C. King Alfred  D. King Egbert

(Feudalism had begun during Anglo-Saxon times, but it was completely established after the Norman Conquest)

10.  Q8: Why did William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?

Answer: It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England in 1066.

11.  Q9: What were the consequences of Norman Conquest?

Answer: p26

也可做名词解释：the Norman Conquest; William the Conqueror

12.  Q10: Why do we say that the English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins?

Answer: Because the people of the English nation are not of the same national origin. They are descended from different peoples, such as the Iberians, the Beaker Folk, the Celts, the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons, the Vikings and Danes, and the Normans. They finally got mixed and formed a nation, the English nation.

Chapter 3

The Shaping of the Nation

I. Norman Rule

1. Q1, p39: What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror?

Answer: p27

2. William replaced the Witan with _______.

Answer: Grand Council

2.      Domesday Book was compiled under the rule of ______.

Answer: William I

3.      What book was Domesday Book?

Answer: p28

4.      Who founded the Plantagenet Dynasty?

Answer: Henry II. (See p29)

5.      Q2, p39: How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?

Answer: p29

6.      Q3, p39: How did King Henry II reform the courts and the law?

Answer: p30

7.      Henry II undertook reforms in all the following areas but ______.

  a. judicature      b. taxation      c. education     d. administration

8.      What was the jury in Henry II’s day like?

Answer: At that time a jury was composed of 12 men and the juror’s function was to act as witnesses. (See p31)

10. Explain in English: Henry II.

Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. He was a tough king. During his rule, many reforms were made. He founded circuit court, created a common law and jury system. Though his reform on the church was a failure and aroused the discontent of the people, he was still a great king in English history.

11.  Q4, p39: What was the quarrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?

Answer: King Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Church government, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s courts. Thomas Becket, as Archbishop of Canterbury, opposed the King’s plan and was killed by the king’s men.

12. The Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 increased the jurisdiction of __________.

Answer: the civil courts (See p31)

13. Explain in English: The Canterbury Tales

Answer: It is the best-known work of Geoffrey Chaucer, an English poet. The book describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb.

II. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament

1.      Magna Carta, i.e., the Great Charter, was the result of the confrontation between _________ and _________.

Answer: King John and his barons (see p32~33)

2.      Magna Carta was signed in _____ (year) at a conference at ______ (place).

Answer: 1215, Runnymede

3.      Explain in English: the Great Charter

The Great Charter, also called Magna Carta, was the first famous political document to limit the king’s powers in English history and was regarded as the foundation of English liberties. It was signed in 1215 by King John. It contains altogether 63 clauses.

4.      Q5, p39: What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?

Answer: p33

5.      King John’s son, Henry III was also forced by the barons to sign an agreement. What is it?

Answer: Provision of Oxford (See p34)

6.      Q6, p39: Why and how did the English parliament come into being?

Answer: After King John died, his son became Henry III. He filed the most important offices with foreigners, undertook an expensive war with France which ended in the loss of large land, and also demanded a large sum of money to enable his son to be king of Sicily. So the barons rebelled under the leadership of Simon de Montfort. They defeated the king in 1264. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two burgesses (citizens) from each town. This meeting has been seen as the earliest parliament, and the Great Council gradually developed into the Lords and the Commons which compose the parliament. (p34)

7. House of Lords was made up of _______ and ________, while House of Commons was made up of ______ and ________.

nswer: barons and bishops; knights and citizens (see p35)

7.      How did the earliest parliament in England function?

Answer: At that time, Parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. There were still no elections, no parties, and the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. But increasingly both houses were called to agree to taxation. The Commons could present petitions to the king, which were actually the first parliamentary bills. And already a Speaker went between the two houses for liaison and to discipline the members. (p35)

III. The Hundred Years’ War with France

1.      Q7, p39: (1) What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?

Answer: p36

2.      The Hundred Years’ War lasted from ______ to ________.

Answer: 1337~1453

3.      During the Hundred Years’ War, one English king was made French king. Who was he?

Answer: Henry V.  (p36)

4.      Encouraged by ______, the French finally drove the English out.

Answer: Joan of Arc (p36)

5.      When the Hundred Years’ War ended in 1453, the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English is ______.

Answer: Calais (p36)

6.      Q7: (2) What were the consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?

Answer: The English were finally expulsed from France, and the only part that was still in the hands of the English was Calais. The expulsion is regarded as a blessing for both countries. It helped to develop English national identity as well as French national identity.

IV. The Black Death (1348~1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)

1.      Explain in English: the Black Death

Answer: p37

2.      Q8, p39: What harm did the Black Death do to the English society?

Answer: The Black Death swept through England in 1348 without warning and without any cure. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England. This resulted in a terrible shortage of labor.

3. What were the causes of the Peasant Uprising in 1381?

Answer: p38

3.      Q10, p39: Who were the Lollards? What role did they play in the Peasant Uprising in 1381?

Answer: The Lollards were poor priests and itinerant (traveling) preachers who played a very important role in the Peasant Uprising in 1381. They went about preaching the equality of men before God. The most famous one was John Ball. Their ideas provided mental preparation for the Peasant Uprising in 1381.

4.      Q9, p39: What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising (i.e., Peasant Uprising in 1381)?

Answer: Wat Tyler led the Peasant Uprising in 1381. He and armed villagers moved on London. They killed some officials and forced King Richard II to meet their demands: abolition of villeinage, reduction of rent, free access to fairs and markets, and a general pardon. Tyler was killed later and the uprising was suppressed, but it had far-reaching significance in English history. It was a truly social rebellion and dealt a heavy blow to villeinage and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged after the uprising, paving the way for the development of capitalism.

Chapter 4

Transition to the Modern Age

I. Transition to the Modern Age

1. The Wars of Roses broke out shortly after _________.

a. the Black Death              b. the Watt Tyler’s uprising

c. the Hundred Year’s War        d. the Glorious Revolution

answer: c

(The Black Death happened in 1348~1349; the Uprising happened in 1381; the Hundred Year’s War lasted from 1337~1453; while the Wars of Roses happened from 1455 to 1485.)

2. Explain in English: Wars of the Roses

Answer: After the Hundred Year’s War, in order to decide who would rule England, wars broke out between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. It marks the end of the period of civil war among the old feudal aristocracy in mid-15teh century.

3. Q1, p61: What do you know about the nature and consequences of Wars of the Roses?

Answer:

Nature: It was a war for power and wealth, and at last for the possession of the Crown between two branches of the Plantagenet family: the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the House of York, symbolized by the white rose.

Consequences: p41~42

1.      Who was the first king of Tudor Dynasty, and when did he become the king?

Answer: Henry Tudor, later called Henry VII; in 1485 (p41)

II. The English Reformation (英国宗教改革,参考有关天主教的历史)

1.      Q2, p61: Why and how did the Reformation happen in England? What was the effect?

Answer: The religious reform of the Church began from Henry VIII. There were three main causes for the reform: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money. At that time Henry wanted to divorce his queen, while Pope disagreed. The conflict led to the reform. Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually and dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries. In 1535, Henry VIII took the title Supreme Head of the Church of England.

The effects: The reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result too; and Henry VIII’s attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. Henry’s son, Edward VI furthered the religious reform and England was moving from Catholicism towards Protestantism. (43~44)

2. What acts made Henry VIII’s reform possible?

Answer: the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 (p44)

3. The five Tudor monarchs are: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.

4._______ is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.

Answer: Mary Tudor (p44)

1.      Explain in English: Bloody Mary

Mary was Henry VIII’ s daughter and she was a devout Catholic. After she became Queen, she attempted to reconvert England to Catholicism. She persecuted many people for their Protestant religious view and at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics. As a result, people called her Bloody Mary. (p44)

III. Elizabeth I

1.      Elizabeth I had been in rule for _______.

Answer: 45 years (p45)

2.      What’s the relationship between Elizabeth I and Parliament?

Answer: p45

3.      Q3, p61: How did Queen Elizabeth I dealt with the religious reform?

Answer: p45

4. The execution of Mary Stuart in ______ and the defeat of Spanish Armada in _______ put an end to Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth I.

Answer: 1587; 1588 ( 46)

5. What’s the relationship between England and France during the rule of Elizabeth I?

Answer: Elizabeth I managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. (p47)

2.      What’s the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

Answer: p47

7. When Elizabeth I died in ______, she was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland,

also known as _________of England.

Answer: 1603; James I

IV. The English Renaissance

1. p48~50 (the underlined part).

2. Q4, p61: what do you know about the English Renaissance?

Answer: Renaissance, a French word meaning “rebirth”, was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years 1350-1650. (It was a period of great achievement and changes. It saw the Reformation, the rise of Humanism, and the far-ranging voyages of exploration.) The Renaissance in England began in 1485 and had five characteristics… The English Renaissance was largely literary and achieved mainly in drama, poetry and prose. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of the age.

V. James I and the parliament

1．Why were the Puritans happy when James I came to throne?

Answer: Because James I came from Scotland and the Scottish Church was a pure Protestant Church with democratically elected officials. This met the demand of the Puritans.

2.      Q6, p61: What do you know about the Gunpowder Plot of 1605?/or explain in English

Answer: p51

3.      p52: underlined part

4.      Q5, p61: What was the absolute rule of James I of England? How did the Puritans think about the king’s rule?

Answer: James I was a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings. He preferred no parliament at all and actually did without one for seven years. He used all sort of discreditable methods to get money when he dissolved the parliament and couldn’t get money from it, including sale of office and forced loans. He didn’t support the Puritans, instead, he declared that he would “make them conform or harry them from the land”. Many Puritans were disappointed and discontented with James I. They left England for Holland and even for America.(p52)

VI. Charles I and the Parliament

1._______ was regarded as the second Magna Carta, which king ________ was forced to accept.

Answer: The Petition of Right; Charles I

2. Q7, p61: (1) How did the Civil War break out?

Answer: p52~55

VII. The Civil Wars

1.      The First Civil War lasted from ______ to ______; the Second Civil War happened from ______ to ________.

Answer: 1642~1646 (p55); 1648~1651(p56-57)

2.      In the Civil War, king was supported by ________, while the Parliament was supported by ________.

Answer: nobles and gentry; yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople and artisans.

3. Explain in English: Cavaliers and Roundheads

Answer: In the Civil War (1642~1646), the king’s men were called Cavaliers, while the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.

4. The most important commander of the Parliament’s army was ________.

Answer: Oliver Cromwell.

5.      When was King Charles I executed?

Answer: on January 30, 1649 (p56)

6.      Q7, p61: (2)What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?

Answer: p57

VIII. The Commonwealth

1．Q8, p61: What were the Commonwealth and the Protectorate?

Answer: After King Charles I’s execution in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and members of the Long Parliament declared England a Commonwealth. There was no king, no House of Lords in England. The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king.

In 1653, by an Instrument of Government, Cromwell was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England. Thus the Commonwealth became the Protectorate. (p57)

2．From 1649 to 1660 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell a _______.

a. Lord Protector                         b. Lieutenant General

c. Commander of the New Model Army       d. President

3．Explain in English: Oliver Cromwell

Answer: In the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell led the New Model Army to defeat King

Charles’ army. In 1649, he signed to execute Charles I and established Commonwealth. In 1653, Cromwell was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, and became more and more a petty tyrant. He died in 1658.

IX. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688

1.      Q9, p61: Why did the Restoration take place?

Answer: p58

2.      What laws concerning religion were passed during the period of Restoration?

Answer: Clarendon Code, Test Act and Disabling Act (p58~59)

3. Two of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century were _______ written by _______ and _______by _________.

Answer: Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan; Paradise Lost, John Milton

( 联系Renaissance:1350~1650时期的作家和作品)

4. Q10, p61: How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?

Answer: p59~60

5. Explain: Bill of Rights (p60)

6. After the Glorious Revolution came the age of _______.

Answer: constitutional monarchy

7. It was during the reign of ______, the name Great Britain came into being in ____ (year) by _______(law) which united England and Scotland.

Answer: Anne, 1707, the Act of Union (p60)

Chapter 5

The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

I. Whigs and Tories

About Whigs, Tories, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party (p62)

II. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century

1.      The open field system lasted till _______ century.

Answer: the late 18th and early 19th centuries (p65)

2.      Explain in English: the Enclosure Acts (p65)

3．Inventors of some agricultural machinery or farming ideas (p65)

4. Q2, p87: What’s your comment on the land enclosure in England?

Answer: The Enclosure Acts of the late 18th and early 19th centuries enabled wealthier landowners to seize land and divide it into enclosed fields. Enclosure had the following effects: (1) Farms became bigger, new farming methods were introduced and products increased. (2) Enclosure provided labor for the factories as tenants were driven away from their lands and they had to look for work in towns. This promoted the development of industry. (3) Enclosure also led to mass emigration, particular to the New World. (4) A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships, as concentration of land increased the price of land and dashed the laborers’ hopes of owning their own land.

III. The Industrial Revolution

1.      Q3, p87: What was the industrial revolution? Why was Britain the first country to start the industrial revolution?

Answer: p66~67

2.      Which industry did the England Industrial Revolution begin with?

Answer: the textile industry (P67)

3.      Q4, p87: How did the England Industrial Revolution proceed?

Answer: p68~69

IV. The Chartist Movement

1.      Q5, p87: What do you know about parliamentary reforms?

Answer: p69~71

2.      Q6: What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What is your comment on them?

Answer: p71~72

3.      Explain: the Chartist Movement

Answer: The Chartist Movement was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem. It started with the foundation of the London Working Men’s Association in 1836; The Chartists drew up the People’s Charter in 1838, and presented three petitions to the parliament. They also organized Chartist Demonstration. The Chartist Movement ended in 1848 because of its interior split and lack of coordination with trade-unionism. (辅导书p94)

4. Two groups of the Chartists (p72)

V. Trade Unions and the Labor Party

1. Names of some unions and laws concerning trade unions. (p73~74)

2. Q7, p87: How did the Labor Party come into being?

Answer: P74~75

VI. Colonial Expansion

1.      English colonial expansion began with ________.

Answer: the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583 (p75)

2. British acquisition of Canada, Austria and New Zealand (p75~76)

  Canada was established as a dominion in 1867, by the British North America Act;

  Austria was established as a dominion in 1901; New Zealand was established as a dominion in 1907.

3. The British East India Company was established in 1600. (p76)

4.      The British conquest of India was almost complete by 1819; after a mutiny in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877. (p77)

5.      Britain’s scramble for Africa (p77~78)

  Britain took the Cape Colony in 1806 to protect its route to India. In 1843, it took Natal. The Transvaal and the Orange Free State became British colony in 1902 and were united with Cape Province and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910.

6.      By 1900 more than 9/10 of Africa had been colonized by Europeans.

7.      The Suez Canal was built by French engineers.

8. Britain occupied Egypt from 1882 to 1914.

9. Explain in English: the Opium War (78~79)

2.      Q8: What was the colonial expansion like during the 19th century?

Answer: 辅导书p89~90